Grafting ib tsob ntoo yog ib qho zoo heev ntawm kev ua lag luam yug me nyuam, uas tso cai rau koj kom tau ntau lub txiv ntoo, muab lub neej thib ob rau cov laus nroj tsuag los sis khaws cia ib cov kua tsawg. Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav piav qhia txog yuav ua li cas cog ib qho kua ntoo kauj ruam yog kauj ruam hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav thiab cov kev siv cov tshuaj siv yuav tsum siv.
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm grafting Kua ntoo nyob rau hauv caij nplooj ntoos hlav
Tsis txhob poob siab txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv kev lag luam tam sim no. Otserenkovanie tso cai rau koj los daws cov teeb meem loj heev. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev caij nplooj ntoos hlav grafting ntawm ib tsob ntoo yog raws li nram no:
- Jigging tshem tawm kab lis kev cai teeb meem, kho underdeveloped stumps, restores ib-sided crowns.
- Resuscitates ib tug tuag, puas (piv txwv li, nas) tsob ntoo.
- Tsub ntxiv fruiting nyob rau hauv qis loj hlob ntau yam thiab accelerates fruiting nyob rau hauv lig ripening.
- Tso cai rau koj coj dwarf, hybrid ntau yam, as Well as propagate cim thiab tsawg ntoo.
- Muab lub sijhawm los nqa cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo tshiab.
- Tsub kom cov tsis kam ntawm tsob ntoo mus rau ntau cov kab mob thiab cov kab tsuag.
- Tsub Frost tsis kam ntawm "muag heev" Kua ntau yam.
- Yuav tsum saj thiab tsos cov yam ntxwv ntawm ntau yam.
- Tej qhov chaw hauv lub vaj (es tsis txhob muaj ob tsob ntoo, koj tuaj yeem ua nrog rau ib qho, ob yam sib txawv ntawm cov txiv apples yog cog).
Koj puas paub? Kua ntoo tau loj tuaj mus txog 12 meters ntawm qhov siab. Cov kab ntsig ntau yam ntawm cov qoob loo no (txog 2 meters siab) tau xaj los ntawm cov yug kab rau kev yoojyim thaum harvesting txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Niaj hnub no, Kua loj npaum li cas los ntawm lub noob taum mus rau qhov me me ntawm tus menyuam mos liab lub taub hau.
Cov ntoo zoo li cas muaj peev xwm muab cog rau ntawm tsob ntoo ntoo
Qhov zoo tshaj plaws cov stocks rau apple cuttings yog seedlings ntawm cultivated ntau yam los yog paub tab ntoo. Otserenkovanie seedlings yuav ua tau rau cov tub ntxhais hluas "dick", dug hauv hav zoov los yog zus los ntawm cov noob.
Tseem muaj ob peb lwm xaiv rau rootstocks:
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Thaum cog tsob ntoo ntawm tsob ntoo ntawm cov ntoo ntawm lwm cov nroj tsuag, uas yog, ntawm cov "non-haiv neeg" rootstocks, nco ntsoov hais tias cov tshuaj txhaj tiv thaiv kab mob tsawg tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog tus qauv nruab nrab ntawm ib tsob ntoo ntoo mus rau ib tsob ntoo ntoo.
Txoj kev ntawm grafting Kua
Kua muaj peev xwm muab cog rau lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav los ntawm ob peb txoj kev. Peb nthuav qhia cov txheej txheem pov thawj uas qhia tau qhov zoo tshaj plaws:
- Budding - Cov txheej txheem ntawm grafting kua tsaug zog los yog tsa lub raum (ua txij li lub Tsib Hlis mus rau Lub Rau Hli).
- Graft Splitting - Cov kab mob ua kom cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo (pob zeb cov ntoo txiv hmab txiv ntoo hauv lub peb hlis ntuj, rau cov noob nroj tsuag hauv lub Plaub Hlis).
- Copulation (yooj yim thiab khees me ntsis) - jigging cuttings (raws li lub peb hlis ntuj mus rau lub Plaub Hlis, ua ntej kua ntoo ntws).
- Sab Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Sab - Grafting cuttings (ua hauj lwm pib los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm May, thaum lub sij hawm ntawm o ntawm lub qhov muag).
- Txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab tshauv - Lwm hom jigging cuttings (nqa tawm txij li lub Plaub Hlis mus rau Lub Tsib Hlis, thaum lub sij hawm kua ntoo khiav).
Cov kab hom siv tsawg dua li lwm tus, vim hais tias nws yuav siv cov buds (los yog, raws li cov gardeners feem ntau hu lawv "ob lub qhov muag") es tsis txhob cuttings.
Tej zaum koj yuav xav nyeem txog kev siv tshuaj ntsuab thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo.
Kev muag khoom ntawm cuttings
Yuav pib, paub yuav ua li cas npaj kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo rau grafting. Lawv yuav tsum tau noj tsuas yog los ntawm noj qab haus huv cov tub ntxhais hluas cov ntoo nrog fruiting zoo thiab kev loj hlob. Cov inoculum yuav tsum tsawg dua ib xyoos.
3-4 buds yuav tsum tau tuaj rau ntawm cuttings, thiaj li coj lawv los ntawm nruab nrab ib feem ntawm lub ceg. Txiav lub soj caum kom qis qis "los ntawm qhov muag". Tsim qhov qis dua ntawm qhov ceg nyob ntawm seb ntawm txoj kev ntawm grafting.
Pib rau Tshuag li khoom nrog qhov pib ntawm me me frosts, nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo caum ntawm lub caij ntuj no. Frost ntawm kub tsis siab tshaj -10 ° C yuav pab tau tawv ntoo, ua kom nws muaj zog thiab tuab. 
Muab cov khoom ntim thiab muab tso rau hauv lub khob nrog xuab zeb. Khaws cov khoom ntim hauv qab daus ntawm + 2 ° C.
Yog tias koj tsis muaj lub qab daus, qhwv lub hau txiav txiav rau hauv ib daim ntaub ntub dej thiab cia hauv ib qho chaw txias kom txog thaum snow ntog. Tom qab ntawd qhib cov twigs, pub dawb los ntawm daim ntaub ntub dej thiab muab pov rau hauv cov dej daus.
Thaum tshav kub kub, cov drifts melted qeeb qeeb, npog lawv cov thermal insulating khoom (piv txwv li, peat los yog sawdust).
Ib txhia gardeners tau qhia kom kom kua cuttings hauv lub tub yees. Ua li no, qhwv lub twigs hauv cov khoom ntub los yas yas thiab qhov chaw nyob hauv qab txee ntawm lub tub yees. 
Thaum grafting ntoo, ib tug pruner graft yog feem ntau siv.
Caij nplooj ntoos hlav grafting kua: kauj ruam los ntawm cov lus qhia kauj ruam
Lub caij nplooj ntoo caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntawm lub tsob ntoo yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev, feem ntau piv nrog kev lag luam kev phais. Yog li, xaiv txoj hau kev tshaj plaws rau koj thiab ua raws li cov lus qhia tawm kauj ruam.
Budding (raum txhaj tshuaj)
- Nyob rau hauv Autumn los yog thaum kawg ntawm Lub ob hlis ntuj, npaj lub tua los ntawm tsob ntoo.
- Nrog rau qhov pib ntawm caij nplooj ntoos hlav, noj ib zaug xwb raum (peephole) tsim los ntawm kev tua lub xeem lub caij ntuj sov.
- Raum mob ntawm lub cev lossis ceg ntawm ib tsob ntoo. Lub qhov muag no yuav pib zuj zus thiab yuav yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev tua tshiab hauv lub caij nyoog tam sim no.
- Yog tias qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis tau tiav, qhov kev lag luam tuaj yeem rov qab ua rau tib lub Tshuag.
Budding yog simplest txoj kev ntawm grafting Kua ntoo nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav thiab yog zoo rau novice breeders. Lub degree ntawm lub raum survival yog heev.
Cov txheej txheem yuav siv sij hawm tsawg heev ntawm koj lub sijhawm. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, koj yuav tsum tau muaj tsawg tshaj plaws hauv kev ua haujlwm: tsuas muaj ib qho kev txiav nyiaj ntau.
Graft Splitting
- Split lub Tshuag nrog ib tug ntse ax mus rau ib tug tob ntawm txog 10 cm.
- Ua ib qho kev sib tshuam los yog ob tog sib npaug ntawm qhov ntse ntse. Kev khwv tau qhov txiav kaum tsis ua hauj lwm, tab sis yog tias koj ua tau tiav, kev vam meej yog qhov guaranteed.
- Npog qhib qhov chaw ntawm slices nrog ib tug vaj si pitch, thiab qhwv qhov chaw ntawm txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv nws tus kheej nrog ib tug movie. Yog hais tias tsim nyog, yog hais tias qhov graft nyob rau hauv lub cais yuav tsis muaj zog, ua ib tug ntxiv winding.
Inoculation ntawm Kua ntoo nyob rau hauv lub cais yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav, cia li ua ntej pib ntawm vegetative lub sij hawm, thaum cov ntoo yog tseem nyob ntawm so. Nyob rau hauv no txoj kev, ib tsob ntoo kua muaj peev xwm raug txiav tawm ntawm ib tug laus, tab sis tseem muaj zog tsob ntoo.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Yog tias koj tab tom cog rau ntawm tus ceg inclined, qhov txiav yuav tsum nyob rau saum toj. Tom qab ntawd, tus tshiab ceg yog tsis tawg tawm los ntawm qhov ceeb thawj ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo.
Copulation
Rau caij nplooj ntoos hlav jigging ntawm ib tsob ntoo kua, thaum lub cheeb ntawm ceg thiab txiav txiav, nws siv yooj yim copulation:
- On lub graft thiab rootstock, ua 3-4 cm ntev oblique txiav.
- Tshiab daim tshiab tam sim ntawd muab mus rau ib leeg.
- Khaws qhov txuas nrog daim kab xev los yog kab xev.
- To top txiav on lub pob tw nrog ib lub vaj teb pitch los yog xim.
Kev txhim kho kev txhim kho:
- Ua ke ntawm lub axis, nyob rau ntawm cov khoom siv thiab cov khoom muag, ua ib qho kev txiav thiab muab txiav rau hauv ib feem peb.
- Ua tib zoo hno cov khoom txawb rau hauv cov khoom seem. Yuav kom tsis txhob ua txhaum cov tshuaj txhaj tiv thaiv thiab tsis tuaj yeem pab txhawb nqa nws tus kheej, tsis txhob qhia qhov kev mob siab heev.
- Yog hais tias qhov uas yuav tau muab coj los ua ke thiab lub hauv paus tshiab muaj qhov sib txawv, sim nruj nreem sib txuas rau ntawm ib sab kom lub lumen kaw tag.
- Kuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm qhov chaw nrog ib zaj yeeb yaj kiab. To top txiav cuttings cover vaj twawb.
Feem ntau siv kev txhim kho kev txhim kho. Txoj kev no ua kom muaj kev sib txuas ntawm kev txiav ntawm ib qho cog nrog lub pob tw ntawm lwm tus. Xws li ib lub coupling yog ua tau vim muaj qhov "tus nplaig" - ib qho ntxiv txiav nyob hauv kev txiav.
Nyob rau hauv sab slot
- Nyob ntawm cov khoom siv ntoo, ua ib qho kev poob siab.
- On lub bark ntawm grafted ntau yam, ua 2 oblique txiav ntawm lub longitudinal hom. Muab cov khoom txuas txuas rau hauv seem no, txuas cov npoo ntawm qhov cambium coincides.
- Thaum lub txiav pib loj hlob, tshem tawm nws lub sab nraud nrog ib tug grafting riam.
- Qhov chaw nyob qhov twg lub jigging tau nqa tawm, khi nws nrog ib tug zaj duab xis hluavtaws, thiab npog lub seem nrog ib tug vaj teb twawb.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Txhob siv cov kab thaij thaiv kab rau txoj haujlwm no. Nws yog qhov tsis zoo, muaj teeb meem ntxiv, tiv thaiv lub callus los ntawm kev tsim, thiab tiv thaiv sai sai ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob.
Qab ntawm daim tawv nqaij
- Txiav Ua tib zoo txiav ib ceg loj, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw no yuav tsum tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv.
- Ntxuav tawm qhov chaw txiav. Ntxuav lub txiav kawg ntawm ceg nrog ib tug ntse riam rau smoothness. Rau ib tug zoo ciaj sia taus ntawm soj caum tseem xav tau ib tug me ntsis Trim.
- Ua ib qho kev txiav. Txiav lub soj caum ntev thiab nqaim. Qhov no yuav pab kom nws nkag mus rau hauv kev siv khoom.
- Sau cov quav. Nws yuav tsum tau raug thawb nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij kom nws txaus siab ua nyob rau ntawd. Gardeners tej lub sij hawm tau qhia kom ua ib lub me xub pwg nyob rau hauv lub lobe ntawm txiav. Qhov no yuav pab txo cov kev kawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siv.
- Txhua yam zoo khi ib zaj duab xis.
Koj puas paub? Kua orchards npog yuav luag 5 lab hectares ntawm thaj av, yog li ntawd txhua tsob ntoo thib ob yog txiv ntoo. Lub ntsiab ntawm cov txiv apples nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb yog Suav Tebchaws, Tebchaws USA thiab Qaib Cov Txwv.
Yuam sij kom ua yuam kev
Ntxiv kev saib xyuas ntawm grafted Kua ntoo
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo tsim nyog tau txais kev pab ntxiv. Twb tom qab 20 hnub, kab lis kev cai kev lis kev cai muaj ntau dua nrog ib txheej ntawm cambium, thiab ceg ntoo. Yog li ntawd, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev saib xyuas yog ua kom tshem tawm cov ceg uas thaiv cov zaub mov rau kev cog qoob loo. Tsis tas li ntawd, tshem tawm cov nplooj ntoo uas ua rau lub qhov muag dawb.
Tshawb xyuas lub kaw nees kom zoo, thiab kom tsis txhob muaj kev txwv thaum kev tua kev loj hlob, nws yog qhov zoo dua rau lub cev.
Yog tias kev txhaj tshuaj tab tom loj hlob ntawm ib qho paab, nws tsim nyog los qeeb nws txoj kev loj hlob los ntawm kev txheeb tus apex.
Kawm ntxiv txog cov feem ntau qab apple raws li gardeners 'xyuas xws li Cinnamon Striped, Moscow Pear, Silver Hoof, Lobo, Antey, Candy.
Professional gardeners highlight ob peb yam ua yuam kev los ntawm amateurs thaum grafting kua ntoo:
- Novice gardeners feem ntau siv ceg (cuttings) muaj tsuas yog 1-2 buds (ob lub qhov muag) rau jigging nyob rau hauv lateral cleft, thaum lawv yuav tsum muaj tsawg kawg yog 3-4 buds.
- Ib qho kev ua yuam kev kuj yog kev luam tawm ntawm ib tsob ntoo ntoo los ntawm jigging ntawm ib qho kev ntsim siab. Cov khoom siv roj hmab yuav tsum yog ib lub raum (peephole) tsim lub caij ntuj sov dhau los.
- Feem ntau, tsis saib xyuas kev huv, kev tso tawm yog nqa nrog kev pab ntawm cov khoom paug. Qhov no yog tsis tsim nyog, txhua yam cuab yeej yuav tsum huv.
Yog li, nrog nruj kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov lus qhia thiab cov sij hawm, cov txheej txheem rau grafting kua ntoo nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav yuav tsis yooj yim, thiab tau paub nrog ntau hom kev txhaj tshuaj, koj yuav muaj peev xwm xaiv qhov tseem ceeb xaiv rau koj tus kheej.Rau cov pib tshiab, nws yog qhov zoo dua los siv txoj kev splitting, uas yog qhov yooj yim thiab zoo. Hmoov zoo hauv koj qhov kev sim ua teb!
