Txhua tus txiv neej xav tau kev txaus siab tsis tsuas yog kev noj qab nyob zoo ntawm nws cov "pawg", tab sis kuj yog cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo uas luag qab. Tab sis nws tsis nyob ntawd. Uas yog tiag tiag xyoo ntawd, cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo uas nyiam tshaj plaws tsis kam ua rau koj nrog kua txiv apples.
Vim li cas cov kua ntoo tsis dais txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab yuav ua li cas nyob rau hauv xws li ib qho teeb meem? Yuav kom tshem tawm qhov teeb meem ntawm kev txob ntawm cov ntoo ntawm cov ntoo txiv ntoo, thawj zaug ntawm txhua yam, koj yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas qhov teeb meem. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb yuav qhia koj yuav ua li cas los pab koj tus hlub thiab tshem tawm qhov teeb meem ntawm nws ntxiv lawm tshob.
Fertility thiab hnub nyoog
Lub sijhawm cog qoob loo ntawm cov kua txiv ntoo nyob ntawm ntau yam tseem ceeb: cov ntoo ntau yam, cog kev tu thiab tu, av hom, pollination, zoo ntawm seedlings, rootstocks, etc. Yog li, nws yuav tsis xam nrog cov neeg lub xyoo twg cov kua ntoo yuav pib dais txiv hmab txiv ntoo. 
Feem ntau ntawm ntau yam ntawm cov ntoo pib pib dais txiv hmab txiv ntoo rau ntawm 6-8 xyoo tom qab cog. Cov kws txiav plaub ntug feem ntau sim ua kom cov txheej txheem no nrog kev pab tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khaub ncaws thiab cov hau kev.
Ib qho ntawm cov kev no yog grafting ntawm varietal cuttings on ntses rootstocks. Vim tias qhov kev ua no, koj tuaj yeem noj tshoob rau cov txiv apples thaum ntxov li xyoo 2 tom qab cog qoob loo. Tab sis nco ntsoov hais tias kev loj hlob ntawm tsob ntoo yuav ua npub, nws yuav ua sluggish, thiab tawm los yuav txo txhua txhua xyoo.
Qhov tseeb yog hais tias txhua tsob ntoo muaj nws cov theem ntawm fruiting thiab kev loj hlob. Kab tias koj kua ntoo yog barren vim hais tias nws yog tseem nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob theem los yog nkag mus rau hauv ib lub sij hawm fruiting puv sij hawm. Saib sab hauv ntawm lub tsob ntoo: yog fouling ntoo tshwm rau nws thiab lub zes qe menyuam yog tag nrho tsis tuaj yeem los yog khov, ces lub caij nyoog loj hlob tas thiab koj tuaj yeem sai sai rau lub caij hlais.
Koj puas paub? Los ntawm ib qho kua ntoo ntawm qhov siab, koj tuaj yeem sau txog 20 lub thawv ntawm apples.
Varietal yam ntxwv
Nws yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov varietal uas feem ntau txiav txim seb lub sij hawm thaum lub tsob ntoo pib pib dais txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Yog thaum ntxov-lub caij nplooj zeeg (lub caij ntuj sov los yog lub caij nplooj zeeg) ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntoo loj hlob hauv koj lub vaj, lawv yuav pib ua txiv hmab txiv ntoo hauv qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub xyoo thib 4 tom qab cog. Ntau yam ntawm lub caij ntuj no ntau yam yuav thov koj nrog ib tug sau tsuas yog rau lub 7-8 xyoo ntawm lawv lub neej kev ua si.
Kua ntoo, cov kab nuv ntses rootstocks, los yog kem ntau hom, yuav ua tsaug rau koj nrog cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo uas twb muaj hauv lub xyoo thib ob. 
Qhov nruab nrab lub sij hawm ntawm pib ntawm fruiting apples yog 8-10 lub xyoos tom qab cog.
Ntau zaus muaj cov xwm txheej thaum tsob ntoo muab ib cov qoob loo, thiab qhov no yog qhov chaw uas nws fertility tau dulled los yog tas rau nws. Tsis txhob siv sij hawm sai sai no thiab tshem tau cov ntoo zoo li no. Kev paub gardeners thov: muaj pes tsawg lub sij hawm ib qho kua ntoo dais txiv hmab txiv ntoo hauv lub neej yog ncaj nraim rau qhov chaw uas nws loj tuaj, hom av, ua raws li cov cai ntawm cog thiab kev tu, thiab, tau kawg, ntau yam.
Lub caij ntuj sov thiab lub caij nplooj zeeg feem ntau tsim cov qoob loo zoo rau 20 xyoo los yog ntau tshaj, thaum qee cov neeg tuaj yeem txo cov qoob loo tom qab 15 xyoo ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus. Lub caij ntuj no ntau tau thov koj nrog fragrant apples 30 xyoo nyob rau hauv ib tug kab. 
Koj puas paub? Nyob rau hauv Asmeskas, loj hlob ntev-kua txiv ntoo, cog rov qab rau hauv 1647. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau ntseeg, tab sis tsob ntoo tseem dais txiv hmab txiv ntoo.Tus naj npawb ntawm cov txiv apples nyob ntawm lawv cov me me: qhov loj dua cov txiv apples, qhov tsawg dua lawv yuav muaj peev xwm "nqa" tsob ntoo.
Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm tsob ntoo, txawm hais tias ntawm qib, fructifies periodically, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntxiv kev saib xyuas nws. Nyob rau hauv no qhov teeb meem, txhua yam nyob ntawm lub gardener. Qhov kev noj haus kom tseeb ntawm kev pub mis, kev txiav cov ceg ntoo, dej, tu thiab tu lub zes qe menyuam - daim ntawv thov ntawm kev ua haujlwm zoo li no yuav tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog lub siab dawb.
Ntau zes qe menyuam
Ntau lub zes qe menyuam - qhov no yog ib qho ntawm lub hauv paus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas ua rau lub sijhawm ntawm cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo, vim tias nws tiv thaiv lub budding ntawm paj buds rau lub xyoo tom ntej. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau tus ovaries tshev rau tsob ntoo. Yog li ntawd, tsis txhob zoo siab heev yog tias koj lub tsob ntoo ua kua uas muaj xim. 
Tej tus kws kho mob uas paub txog koj yuav ua kom koj paub ntev li ntawm cov zes qe menyuam yuav tsum tau tshem ntawm. Koj tuaj yeem ua kev lom zem rau ob qho tib si manually thiab sib.
Qhov loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm tau tshem ntawm ntau ovaries tsis mus ua mob lub hauv paus paj thiab tsis txhob raug kev puas tsuaj rau tag nrho cov inflorescence.
Kev ceev thinning ntawm ovaries muaj nyob rau hauv txiav tawm lub lateral paj ntawm inflorescence nyob rau hauv thawj zaug los thib ob ib nrab ntawm Lub rau hli ntuj, nyob ntawm seb ntau yam. Lub qia ntawm lub paj yuav tsum tau sab laug rau tsis ua mob lub inflorescence. Lub sijhawm zoo nws yuav poob. 
Tshuaj lom neeg thinning ntawm lub zes qe menyuam yog siv cov tshuaj siv tshuaj (ammonium thiosulfate, urea, thiab lwm yam) hauv cov feem pua qhia hauv cov lus qhia. Qhov no yuav tsum tau siv tom qab lub dusting ntawm central paj ntawm inflorescence, uas tshwm sim nyob rau 3-4th hnub ntawm flowering. Sab paj yog cov tshuaj txau nrog tshuaj lom uas yog kub nyhiab lossis tiv thaiv kom txhob muaj hmoov av.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Cov tshuaj ntawm thinning lub zes qe menyuam yog pheej hmoo heev. Thiab nws tsis txawm lub correctness ntawm lub xam ntawm proportions. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm qhov pib ntawm khov tom qab tshuaj kho mob, koj tus kheej tshem tawm koj tus kheej ntawm sau.
Tsis muaj ntau hom pollinator
Ib qho ntawm lub hauv paus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kom tau txais ib tug zoo sau ntawm txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntoo yog muaj nyob ntawm pollinator ntau yam. Qhov tseeb yog hais tias lub paj lawv tus kheej yog suab barren, lawv yuav tsum tau pollen yuav fruitful. Muaj, ntawm chav kawm, tus kheej-fruited txiv hmab txiv ntoo, tab sis lub kua tsob ntoo tsis yuav mus rau xws li.
Txawm nyob rau theem ntawm tso lub vaj teb koj yuav tsum tau ua ke li cas ntau yam txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab qhov twg cog kom thiaj li tsis txhob nyob rau hauv-pollination. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws Cross-pollination tshwm sim thaum muaj 3-4 hom ntawm cov ntoo ntawm tib hom. 
Koj puas paub? Apples, nws hloov tawm, tsis txhob tso dej hauv dej. Ntawm daim card yog tias cov qauv ntawm lawv cov lus - nws yog huab cua.Cov kua txiv kab ntxwv ntau yam yog ib tsob ntoo uas yuav tsum loj hlob tsis tshaj 50-60 m rau kev txiav rau cov muv kom nqa cov paj ntoos tsis ua haujlwm. Lub sij hawm flowering ntawm xws li ib tsob ntoo, tsim ntawm pollen on nws, lub ripening lub sij hawm yuav tsum coincide nrog ib tug nws pollinates. Yog li ntawd, nws yog pom zoo kom tsis txhob randomness ntawm cog ntau yam nrog txawv lub sij hawm ntawm fruiting: thaum ntxov ntau yam yog qhia cog rau cov thawj thaum ntxov, lig sawv daws - nyob ze lub lig sawv daws.
Xaiv qhov zoo tshaj plaws pollinators kuj nyob ntawm ntau yam. Piv txwv, "Antonovka" yuav nplua "Papirovka", "Rennet" - "Pepin of London", "Makentoshu" - "Antonovka", "Dawb filling" - "Suislepskoe", thiab lwm yam.
Kev paub txog koj tus kheej nrog cog qoob lwm yam ntawm cov ntoo hauv qab: "Glory to the winners", "Rozhdestvenskoe", "Ural Bulk", "Krasa Sverdlovsk", "Orlinka", "Zvezdochka", "Ekrannoe", "Antey", "Uralets", "Champion" , "Tshav ntuj", "Khoom qab zib", "Melba".
Qhov chaw phem
Kua ntoo - ntoo doog. Tab sis, zoo ib yam li txhua tus neeg, nws muaj nws txoj kev ntxias. Nws tsis nyiam ntau dhau lawm, yog li lawv tsis pom zoo cog hom txiv hmab txiv ntoo nyob hauv marshlands. Nws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau coj los siv rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm cov dej hauv av: qhov zoo tshaj plaws - 1.8 m nrog mobile dej, 2-2.5 m - nrog rau sawv daws. 
Qhov av ntawm cov dej ntub thiab dej nag ntev ntev los kuj tsis haum rau cog cov ntoo hauv paus, vim nws cov hauv paus hniav tuaj yeem tuag los ntawm cov dej noo ntau dhau. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws av rau loj hlob Kua ntoo yog loamy thiab Sandy. Stony av, crushed pob zeb los yog xuab zeb yog teeb meem rau tag nrho cov kev ua si ntawm txiv hmab txiv ntoo nroj tsuag.
Kua txiv qaub yuav tsum tau raug tiv thaiv los ntawm cov cua txias ntawm sab qaum teb thiab muab cov qib siab ntawm lub teeb. Koj puas paub? Apple orchards nyob 5 lab hectares ntawm qhov chaw ntawm peb ntiaj chaw. Txhua thib ob tsob ntoo hauv ntiaj teb yog ib tsob ntoo.
Ua rau cov ceg ntoo
Ob tus txiv neej thiab cov tsiaj, thiab nws tus kheej nws muaj peev xwm ua rau raug mob cov ceg ntoo ntawm cov ntoo ntawm tsob ntoo.
Kev tsis zoo ntawm cov ceg ntoo tuaj yeem ua rau mob tsob ntoo, qee lub sij hawm, tshem nws thiab ua rau tuag taus. Feem ntau, lub tsob ntoo kua txom nyem los ntawm cov neeg qhua - cov tub rog thiab nas, uas tsis txaus siab noj nws cov tawv ntoo thiab cov ceg ntoo.
Hauv qhov no, koj yuav tsum tau siv cov kev pabcuam ua ntej - koj yuav tau kho nws lub qhov txhab. Ua li no, siv antiseptics (heteroauxin, tooj liab sulfate), vaj teb suab, sib tov ntawm kua nyuj manure thiab av nplaum, uas tiv thaiv kev kis tau ntawm tus kab mob.
Nyob rau hauv lub qhov, muaj ntau yam kab mob ntawm cov ntoo, ntawm cov uas muaj txawm tias cancer. Lub vaj lub qhov dej num tseem ceeb yog kom kuaj xyuas tus kab mob thiab pib kho mob rau lub sijhawm.
Cov pob txha tsis txaus
Lwm vim li cas vim li cas lub kua ntoo tsis tawg thiab tsis dais txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog ib tug ua txhaum ntawm agrotechnical txoj kev pruning ceg thiab crowns. Nws yog qhov tseeb ntawm tus txheej txheem no uas tswj cov khoom noj khoom haus, kev loj hlob, kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev loj hlob ntawm tsob ntoo. 
Ntoo pruning yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav. Kev ua tiav ntawm txoj kev no ua rau thickening ntawm crown, uas yog fraught nrog ntau yam teeb meem.
Tuab crown yog hotbed rau pests ntawm nplooj thiab bark ntawm Kua ntoo, raws li zoo li dej ntws cia, uas provokes debate ntawm nplooj thiab tshwm sim ntawm ntau fungal kab mob uas yog teeb meem ob qho tib si rau tsob ntoo nws tus kheej thiab nws cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo.
Ib qho hauv qab-cropped crown entails cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab cov khoom noj tsis qab ntxiag. Qhov tseeb yog hais tias txiv hmab txiv ntoo tsis tau tus nqi ntawm tshav ntuj yuav tsum tau mus rau siav. Raws li ib tug ntawm cov saib xyuas no, tus tawm los ntawm cov nroj tsuag yuav txo txhua txhua xyoo. 
Kev tsis saib xyuas ntawm txoj kev txiav txim siab crown yog fraught nrog lwm yam tsis kaj siab. Piv txwv li, tuab ceg yuav tsis pub txiv hmab txiv ntoo lwj mus poob rau hauv av. Cov txiv ntoo yuav nyob ntawm tsob ntoo thiab noog ntau ntau yam kab mob uas kis tau rau cov nroj tsuag zoo.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Kev tiv thaiv pruning ntawm crown yuav tsum tau nqa tawm txhua xyoo nyob rau hauv lig Autumn los yog thaum ntxov caij nplooj ntoos hlav. Qhov no yuav tsum tau ua tiav delicately, thiaj li tsis mus ua sib sib zog nqus wounds rau tsob ntoo thiab tsis tawm stumps.
Kab tsuag
Kev puas tsuaj rau cov kua hauv qab no tuaj yeem ua ntau hom kab mob uas ua rau tsob ntoo thiab nws cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Yog li ntawd, saib xyuas qhov zoo li tus mob ntawm koj "pawg ntseeg." Cov feem ntau cov yeeb ncuab ntawm cov kua ntoo yog:
- Cancer Nws cuam tshuam cov ceg thiab bark ntawm tsob ntoo, ua rau tuag ntawm foci ntawm tus kab mob.
- Mite Nws ua rau zoo raug mob mus rau nplooj thiab bark. Tus kab mob yog pom los ntawm lub silvery ntxoov ntxoo.
- Bark kab. Nws pom tau cov tawv ntoo thiab nplooj ntoo ntawm cov ntoo, gnaws tawm lub tsiv, uas provokes lub ziab thiab kev tuag ntawm qhov puas ploj.
- Silkworm. Ib seemingly tsis tshua npuj npaim thaum xub thawj siab yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas cov nroj tsuag.
- Scab - Ib tug fungus uas ua puas tsuaj lub tua, ceg, nplooj, paj thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm cov ntoo txiv hmab txiv ntoo.
- Kua Mole - nplooj ntoos shredder.
- Flowerbird - Ib tug kab uas txau rau ntawm lub buds thiab paj ntawm ib lub txiv hmab txiv ntoo cog.
- Aphid - ib qho ntawm feem ntau insidious yeeb ncuab ntawm cov ntoo, envelops lawv "cev pob txha" nrog honeydew, uas tiv thaiv kev loj hlob, kev loj hlob thiab fruiting.
Mineral oversupply
Txuj ci yog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua teb. Feem ntau, cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo qhib cov khoom siv ntawm cov zaub mov, thiab tus neeg tu vaj tse tseem noj cov ntoo thiab ua kom dhau ib qho dhau. 
Saib xyuas koj lub vaj kom zoo - cov cim qhia ntawm ntau dhau nrog cov zaub mov yog ib qho yooj yim kom pom:
- nplooj nplooj daj qhia tias muaj phosphorus ntau heev;
- tsaus ntsuab nplooj - lub teeb liab ntawm overdose nrog nitrogen;
- teeb nplooj, qeeb kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntoo, ntau qhov chaw tuag qhia tias koj overfed lub kua ntoo nrog potassium;
- ib qho dhau ntawm boron thiab tooj liab provoring yellowing thiab ntxov ntxov abscission ntawm nplooj, lawv folding;
- ntau zinc repaints streaks ntawm nplooj hauv cov xim liab lossis xim dub;
- qhov tsos ntawm cov pob liab dawb-dawb me ntsis rau ntawm nplooj ntoo - lub teeb liab ntawm ib overdose ntawm chlorine;
- ib tug tshaj ntawm hlau yog fraught nrog yellowing thiab blanching ntawm foliage.
Nws tseem ceeb heev!Apple's glut ntawm cov zaub mov tsis yog tas li ntawm kev tsis xam cov tshuaj. Nws yog tsim nyog nco ntsoov hais tias cov av nws tus kheej yog nplua nuj hauv cov as-ham.
Kev kho ntawm ceg ntoo
Cov tawm los ntawm apples ncaj qha nyob ntawm hom ntawm kev npaj ntawm ceg: horizontally loj hlob ceg - ib tug cog lus ntawm high fruiting, ntsug thiab aspiring upwards - yog tsis muaj peev xwm thov nrog ib tug zoo qoob loo.
Koj tau xaus lus tias nws yog vim hais tias ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov ceg ntoo uas kua ntoo tsis dais txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Yuav ua li cas rau qhov no? Khoov vertically loj hlob ceg thiab tua nyob rau hauv ib tug kab rov tav siv ib tug cuff tau ntawm ntom cov khoom. Kuaj cov ceg uas tsim nyog rau lub pas dej tsis nco qab rau hauv av ntawm sab koj xav tau. 
Thoob plaws hauv lub caij ntuj sov, khoov lub ceg me me los ntawm me ntsis hauv txoj kev taw qhia thiab nws tawm hauv qhov chaw rau lub caij ntuj no, thiab thaum caij nplooj ntoos hlav koj tuaj yeem xyuam xim ntawm cov ceg kab rov tav. Cov tub ntxhais hluas tua tawm uas germinate on nws, tsis pom zoo dhau lawm, los yog rho tawm.
Ntau tus neeg xav tias tsob ntoo muaj tsob ntoo yog tsob ntoo uas hlob zoo rau nws tus kheej, thiab feem ntau tsis txaus siab txog nws cov "fruitlessness". Tab sis nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav feast on fragrant muaj kua txiv apples, nws yog tsis txaus los cog rau ib tsob ntoo ntoo. Nws tseem yuav tsum tau saib tom qab. Tsuas yog ob leeg sib koom tes ntawm tsob ntoo thiab ib tug txiv neej yuav muab qhov kev xav tau.
