Muaj zus ib khob dej tsawg kawg ib zaug rau ntawm koj zaj lus, vim koj pom tias qhov kev sib haum xeeb zoo li cas hauv qhov kev npaj paj, koj tsis pom zoo muab tso tawm rau lub sijhawm no. Qhov zoo ntawm nws muab tsawg heev saib xyuas. Nws yog txaus los nqa nplooj lwg los yog nplooj ntoos qos yaj ywm thaum cog hauv av kom tag nrho cov nroj tsuag ntxiv sij hawm cia li txaus siab rau cov nroj tsuag, dej raws li xav tau. Txawm li ntawd los, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb txiav txim siab ua ntej uas ntawm ntau yam xaiv, txij li thaum lawv sib txawv nyob rau hauv cov xim thiab nyob rau hauv qhov zoo nkauj ntawm ntsuab feem ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Tom ntej, peb yuav tham txog cov hom kab uas nrov tshaj plaws hauv kab uas tau cog rau hauv peb lub voj voog.
Txo liab qab
Lub vaj tse ntawm no ntau yam yog cov forests ntawm lub Caucasus. Koj tuaj yeem pom nws nyob hauv qhov hav zoov, thiab nyob ntawm cov ntug, cov vojvoog mus txog nruab nrab ntawm cov roob siv. Nws muaj ib tug tuab rhizome nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug rosary, los ntawm uas hlob ib ntev, txog li 60 cm, faceted ceg. Nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus hiav txwv, nws muaj xim me ntsis xim liab, tab sis so yog ntsuab. Yuav luag lwm nplooj yoo loj dua ntxiv rau nws. Lawv nyob rau ntawm ob sab ntawm nplooj ntoos txiav thiab ncav cuag 6 cm nyob rau hauv dav thiab 15 cm nyob rau hauv ntev. Hauv qab lawv yog cov liab qab thiab grey, thiab los ntawm saum toj ntsuab (ze rau lub hauv paus lawv muaj ib tug liab tint). 
On liab qab stalks hlob mus rau ob lub paj. Perianth muaj txog li 2.5 cm ntawm qhov ntev, tswb-puab thiab dawb xim. Raws li txoj cai, hauv nruab nrab nws yog ib nyuag convex, tau khoov lanceolate greenish cov hniav. Stamens protrude los ntawm perianth, pistil ntev tshaj li lawv. Paj tuaj thaum lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav los yog lub caij ntuj sov. Nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm flowering nyob rau hauv lawv qhov chaw yog maub xiav berries.
Koj puas paub? Tsis ntev dhau los, lub kupena coj nws qhov chaw ntawm lub tsev neeg Lily, tab sis tsis ntev los no nws tau txiav txim siab los mus ua rau nws mus rau lub tsev neeg Lily. Ntawm no ib qho ntxiv nws lub npe - ib lub vaj lily ntawm lub hav. Lub npe Latin, Polygonatum, yog sib txawv. Txhais, nws txhais tau hais tias "nyob ntev xyoo." Nyob rau hauv cov neeg, lub kupenu feem ntau hu ua Xalaumoo txoj kev khi. Qhov tseeb yog hais tias tom qab txhua xyoo withering tawm ntawm tua nyob rau rhizome ntawm cov nroj tsuag, muaj tseem nyob ib puag ncig-zoo li tus caws pliav ploj, tseeb, zoo li ib tug tsiaj hiav txwv. Los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov seals xws li, koj muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab lub hnub nyoog ntawm shrub.
Qoj kupena (medicinal)
Feem ntau feem ntau, ib qho lam tshuaj yog zus, uas muaj ib tug dawb ciam on ntsuab nplooj. Lawv loj hlob mus txog 14 cm nyob rau hauv ntev thiab 5 cm nyob rau hauv dav. Kupena hlob mus txog 50 cm thiab suav tias yog nruab nrab txheej. Sab qaum ib feem ntawm lub qia tsis yog khwv tau ntau tshaj rau lwm hom. Muab cov paj dawb uas loj hlob tuaj ua ke. Lawv tshwm sim rau thaum lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav los yog lub caij ntuj sov. Nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm flowering nplooj xiav xiav berries. 
Nws hlob qus hauv hav zoov glades, nyob rau ntawm cov roob me me thiab roob, hauv hav zoov hav zoov. Feem ntau pom nyob hauv Nyiv, Mongolia, Tuam Tshoj, Siberia, Mediterranean sab Europe thiab Sab Hnub Tuaj Far. Yooj yim tolerates drought. Cultivated fragrant kupena txij thaum 1561.
Caucasian kupena
Qhov liab qab thiab cov khib nyiab ntawm cov nroj tsuag no yog 30 cm ntev. Nws muaj oblong lanceolate nplooj uas taper ntawm lub hauv paus. On lawv sab sab yog pom veins, them nrog plaub mos mos luv luv. Cov nplooj loj hlob mus rau 4.5 cm dav thiab 11 cm ntev. Paj tuaj yeem loj hlob nyob rau hauv ob los yog plaub rau cov menyuam mos liab. Dawb perianth me ntsis siab tshaj lub hauv paus narrows, thiab ces nthuav. Flowering lub sijhawm - Lub Plaub Hlis - Lub Tsib Hlis. 
Caucasian kupena yog ib qho chaw nyob ntawm roob hav zoov ntawm Western Transcaucasia, Dagestan, Ciscaucasia, qhov twg spruce, fir, shrub, deciduous ntoo loj hlob. Koj tuaj yeem nrhiav nws nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam hauv subalpine, uas muaj nyob rau hauv Asia Cov Me Nyuam Yaus thiab Thaj Tsam Pej Xeem.
Koj puas paub? Cov khoom kho ntawm cov nroj tsuag, uas possesses tsis tsuas yog nws cov nyom, tab sis kuj rhizomes, yog paub. Yog li, cov nplooj yog thov mus rau qhov txhab mus nres cov ntshav thiab txo qhov mob. Thaum bruises pom zoo poultices los ntawm decoction. Nws kuj yog siv los ntawm kev mob hauv lub ntsws thiab lub ntsws mob ntsws, mob ntsws, mob caj dab, mob ntsws, osteochondrosis, mob plawv, mob taub hau, mob ntsws. Rau cov hom phiaj no, koj muaj peev xwm npaj cawv tincture ntawm hauv paus, dug nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos zeeg.
Kupena ntau-flowered
Qhov no ntau yam kuj hlub shady thiab tov hav zoov, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog shrubs. Ntau-ubed kupna hlob feem ntau nyob rau hauv nruab nrab thiab tsawg roob kem ntawm Caucasus, lub Himalayas, Teb chaws Europe, Anterior, Me thiab East Asia. 
Lub paj muaj oblique qia uas ntev mus rau 90 cm nyob rau hauv ntev, nplooj yog tsim los ntawm me me, taw qhia oval-lanceolate nplooj, alternately teem rau ob sab ntawm nplooj ntoos petiole. Hauv qab no lawv muaj gray-ntsuab ntxoov ntxoo. Loj hlob txog li 4.5 cm ntawm dav thiab 15 cm ntawm qhov ntev. Nyob rau hauv lub axils ntawm nplooj hlob los ntawm 2 mus rau 5 paj nrog ib tug dawb tubular perianth. Nws muaj cov hniav pubescent thiab bent ntawm qhov xaus. Lub flowering lub sij hawm yog ib lub hlis, pib ntawm flowering yog May-Lub rau hli ntuj. Nws muaj ntau hom ntawv sib tw uas yog qhov txawv ntawm ntsuab bracts, kab txaij, thiab paj yeeb ob lub paj. Kuj hu ua kupen lub tsev muag tshuaj, vim nws twb tau muab siv rau cov hom phiaj ntawm kev siv tshuaj kho txij li thaum xyoo pua txog qib 15.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Thaum txiav txim siab cog qoob loo rau hauv koj lub vaj, tso cov ntoo rau hauv qhov chaw uas cov me nyuam tsis tuaj yeem ncav cuag. Qhov tseeb yog hais tias tag nrho cov seem ntawm cov nroj tsuag muaj tshuaj lom tshuaj uas ua rau ntuav heev. Thiab cov berries ntawm cov nroj tsuag zoo tshwj xeeb txaus nyiam.
Kupena squat (tsawg)
Ib qho txawv cultivar muab upright, faceted, liab qab stems uas tsim ib shract shrub txog li 20 cm nyob rau hauv ntev. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, qhov kev loj hlob rau hauv lub xyoo muab ib tug me me nroj tsuag - txog li 5 cm. Cov nplooj ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog ovate los yog lanceolate oblong, pubescent hauv qab, teem caij. Paj tuaj tshwm hauv Lub Rau Hli thiab tuav txog ob lub lis piam. Nws yog ib qho dawb perianth txog 2.2 cm nyob rau hauv ntev, nrog stamens protruding los ntawm lub raj thiab ib tug txawm ntev pistil. Lub berries yog xim xiav.
Squat kupena hlob nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Siberia, nyob rau hauv Primorye, rau Sakhalin, Urup, Iturup, Kunashir. Koj tuaj yeem ntsib hauv Nyiv, Kauslim Teb, Tuam Tshoj. Nyiam zoo-av: av thickets, plains, shores ntawm seas, roob slopes.
Koupena floriferous -
Qhov no ntau yam nyiam deciduous, fir thiab spruce hav zoov, qhov twg nws muaj peev xwm pom ntawm cov kev fab thiab ntawm cov ntug. Ib me ntsis tsawg dua qhov ntau tshwm rau meadows hauv subalpine thiab nruab nrab-mountainous aav Asia Asia, lub Balkans, lub Caucasus thiab cov Crimea. Prefers moderately moist xau nrog ntsis shading. Perennial txias-resistant, resistant mus rau cov kab mob thiab cov kab tsuag.
Nws muaj ib tug tuab paus nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug rosary, uas tsim tawm ib tug liab qab, faceted qia ntawm ntsuab tsos nqaij daim tawv. Nyob rau hauv ntev, nws stretches mus txog 50 cm thiab bends noticeably. Cov nplooj ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog alternately teem rau ob sab ntawm lub qia. Lawv muaj ib daim phom sij zoo, loj hlob txog li 5 cm ntawm dav thiab 9 cm ntawm qhov ntev. Los ntawm lub qab ntawm nplooj raws cov leeg yog papillary pubescence. 
Pedicels kuj yog liab qab thiab ntsuab, tuav ntawm 2 mus rau 5 me me paj. Cov nroj tsuag muaj ib tug dawb tubular nrog constriction perianth tsis muaj bract. Nws muaj pubescent cov hniav, uas yog cov uas khov kho rau sab. Los ntawm perianth sawv stamens, kuj pubescent. Pistil tsawg stamens. Flowering pib nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-caij nplooj ntoos hlav los yog lub caij ntuj sov thaum ntxov. Thaum nws tiav lawm tsaus xiav berries raug tsim.
Kupena yog tuab-leaved
Lwm qhov chaw uas nws vaj tse yog lub Caucasus roob hav zoov.
Nqaim-leaved kupena
Qhov ntau yam yog zoo heev rau cov nplaum. Tsuas yog nws tsis muaj pubescence nyob rau hauv qis saum npoo ntawm nplooj, thiab nplooj lawv tus kheej yog noticeably narrower thiab ntau taw tes. Lwm feature yog puag ncig, tsis ntsej muag. Tus internodes los ze zog mus rau saum toj kawg nkaus. Pedicels hlob tuaj ntawm lub axils ntawm nplooj thiab tsim 2-3 dai paj. Lawv tshwm sim rau thaum xaus ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav los yog pib ntawm lub caij ntuj sov. Tom qab flowering, ib tug dub txiv hmab txiv ntoo tshwm nyob rau hauv lawv qhov chaw. 
Nws hlob nyob rau hauv chaw ntug hiav txwv thiab nyob rau sab qaum teb Suav. Nws yog ua tau los nrhiav no hom ntawm bushes, nyob rau hauv lub meadows, lub sandy territories ntawm tus dej floodplain.
Siberian kupena
Sib tw da dej ua ke nyob rau sab qaum teb, Suav teb sab qaum teb thiab Eastern Siberia. Nws prefers kom loj hlob nyob rau hauv txias-temperate thiab sov-temperate aav.
Nws yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm ib tug tuab qaum-zoo li rhizome, los ntawm uas ib tug grainy qia hlob txog li 55 cm nyob rau hauv ntev. Tawm los yog lanceolate nplooj loj hlob nyob rau hauv verticils, 0.5 cm dav thiab txog li 8 cm ntev. Nyob rau hauv lub kawg muaj ib tug curl, thiab hauv qab nto yog liab qab. On liab qab stalks muaj ob paj nrog membranous bracts, uas yog khaws cai thaum lub sij hawm flowering. Dawb tubular perianth yog crowned nrog bent nqiam lanceolate greenish cov hniav nrog lub teeb pubescence. Nws hlob mus rau 0.9 cm nyob ntev. Stamens nrog liab qab, pob txha caj npab tsis tau tawm tsam. Lub pestle tseem tsis saib, raws li nws yog luv dua lub stamens. Flowering pib nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav, thiab tom qab nws tiav ib tug liab Berry yog tsim. 
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Kev loj hlob kupene suab tsis tas yuav siv zog. Nws yog undemanding rau cov av, tolerates muaj zog shading thiab ntau noo noo, muaj me ntsis susceptibility rau cov kab mob, thiab yog ua suab tsis muaj kev txaus siab rau cov pests. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv heev qhuav zaus ob peb caterpillars los yog slugs yuav khom rau nws. Nyob rau hauv ib qhov chaw nws tau loj hlob tas li, nws multiplies by dividing lub Bush.
Paj yeeb yas
Hom kab no zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Northwestern China, Tien Shan, Pamir-Alai, Southwestern Siberia. Nws tsuas yog hlob nyob rau hauv mountainous deciduous los yog spruce hav zoov, ntawm shrubs.
Nws nta ncaj ncaj-xim ntsuab, uas txuas rau 50 cm hauv siab. Cov nplooj yog linear-lanceolate los yog cias lanceolate teem nyob rau hauv verticils ntawm 4-6 pieces, tab sis qis dua yuav rov qab. Loj hlob txog li 2 cm ntawm dav thiab 15 cm ntawm qhov ntev. Hauv qab muaj ib qho xuav ntxoov ntxoo, thiab nrog cov leeg - me ntsis pubescence. Hauv cov axils ntawm nplooj, paj daim ntawv tsuas yog 2 txhua, tab sis tsis ntau tshaj 4. Lawv muaj cov ntawv ntim membranous ntog, tubular perianth liab ntxoov ntxoo. On nws yog khoov duav lanceolate nqaim cov hniav. Flowering pib nyob rau hauv lub Tsib Hlis - Lub rau hli ntuj. Thaum nws tas, ib sab liab liab tshwm rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub paj uas khi.
Broadleaf kupena
Cov lej ntau-leav paj ntau tuaj ntawm cov hav zoov ntawm Asia Cov Me Nyuam Yaus, Central Teb Chaws Tebchaws Europe, thiab Sab Teb Chaws Asmeskas. Broadlea kupena hlob nyob rau hauv qhov siab txog li 50 cm Nyob rau me ntsis faceted stems, taw, oblong nplooj ntawm ovate daim ntawv. Nyob rau hauv lawv sinuses nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm May tshwm los ntawm 1 mus rau 4 drooping paj nrog ib tug dawb tubular perianth. 20-25 hnub tom qab qhov tsos, lub paj tuag thiab cov ntaub ntawv dub-xiav berry nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw.
Tus nroj tsuag prefers txaus unfavorable tej yam kev mob rau lwm yam paj: ntom av, muaj zog shading. Tab sis tib lub sij hawm nws loj hlob sai heev rau hauv thickets thickets uas loj hlob los ntawm lub xyoo mus rau xyoo. Lub broadleaf Kupena yog suav hais tias yog feem ntau drought tolerant ntau yam ntawm no tsiaj, yog li ntawd nws yog haum rau lub driest xau.
Kupena yog ib qho zoo nkauj cog uas yuav kho koj lub vaj teb tsis tsuas yog nrog txawv txawv paj, tab sis kuj nrog zoo nkauj nplooj. Nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm flowering, lub vaj teb yuav muaj txiaj ntsim los ntawm cov tsos ntawm zoo nkauj liab, dub los yog xiav blue berries. Koj tuaj yeem loj hlob ib lub paj rau cov av qeeg tshaj plaws, tsis txhawj txog kev tu nws. Txawm tias pests thiab kab mob tsis tshua pom nws. Qhov tsuas yog kom nco qab yog tias tag nrho cov seem ntawm cov nroj tsuag muaj tshuaj lom neeg.
