Txhua lub teb chaws nws muaj nws tus kheej nyiam cov tsiaj ua liaj ua teb, uas zoo tshaj lwm tus neeg hloov mus rau ib qho chaw nyob, thaum sib txawv hauv kev tsim khoom. Raws li qhov nrov tshaj "tsiaj" nyob rau hauv no xav txog thiab tseem yog ib tug nyuj, kuv xav qhia txog nws thawj ntawm tag nrho cov. Cia peb kawm saib dab tsi nyuj yog nrov nyob hauv Belarus, thiab lawv zoo li cas.
Kev siv ntawm nyuj thiab mis nyuj nyob rau hauv Belarus
Nyuj cov kua mis li ntawm 85 feem pua ntawm cov thoob ntiaj teb kev hloov mis, ces nws tsis yog ib qho txawv tias Belarusians txaus siab ua nws. Yog li, dhau los dhau los 7 xyoo, nws cov khoom nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws tau tsuas yog nce: los ntawm 6,500 txhiab tons nyob rau hauv 2011 rau 7,500 txhiab tons nyob rau hauv 2017. Yog tias peb pib ntawm qhov kev loj hlob no, nws yuav hais tias thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 2018 no daim duab yuav nce ntxiv li 1-2%, thiab thaj tsam Minsk, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov chaw qiv ntawv thiab cov cheeb tsam Volozhin, feem ntau yog tus thawj coj ntawm cov khoom lag luam hauv lub teb chaws.
Nyeem txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm nyuj lub mis rau tib neeg lub cev.
Kev faib tawm ntawm cov mis nyuj thiab khoom siv mis nyuj yog li ntawm 70%, yog li peb tuaj yeem hais tias me ntsis ntau dua li peb lub hlis twg ntawm cov khoom tso tawm tag nrho rau kev noj haus, thiab, qhov no yog qhov txaus. 
Raws li rau lub teb chaws cov nqaij ntau lawm, ntawm no thiab Belarus yog tsuas nce nws pace. Yog li, nyob rau hauv 2017, nqaij nyuj cog qoob loo ntau ntxiv los ntawm 8% piv rau plaub lub xyoo dhau los, thiab los ntawm 2020 nws yog npaj los xa tawm 152 txhiab tons ntawm tej khoom noj zoo txawv teb chaws. Raws li unofficial cov ntaub ntawv, nyob rau nruab nrab, ib Belarusian consumes txog 100 kg ntawm ib xyoos twg, thiab li ntawm ib nrab ntawm cov nqi no yog nqaij nyug.
Koj puas paub? Lub npe ntawm nyuj nqaij ("nyuj") yog muab los ntawm cov lus qub Lavxias lo lus "nqaij nyuj", uas txhais tau hais tias "nyuj".
Yuav ua li cas breeds ntawm nyuj yog nrov nyob rau hauv lub koom pheej
Xav tias qhov zoo ntawm cov nqaij nyug nyob hauv lub teb chaws, ntau dua cov nyom yog nce txhua xyoo rau cov liaj teb hauv ntiag tug thiab lub xeev, xaiv cov tsis yog cov nqaij tab sis kuj yog cov mis nyuj. Cov neeg nyiam tshaj plaws yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov dub-motley, liab-steppe thiab Simmental pob zeb, uas yog qhov txawv los ntawm ntau cov nqi ntawm productivity.
Dub thiab motley
Cov tsiaj nruab nrab yog cov khoom noj ntawm cov nyuj thiab pom nyob rau hauv Netherlands hauv XVIII-XIX centuries. Cov kws yug ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm niaj hnub no yog cov Dutch thiab Ostfriz breeds, tab sis vim lawv tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv thiab lub cev tsis muaj zog, breeders tau txhim kho cov yug hauv xyoo 20th, vim tias lawv cov zaub mov tseem muaj zog ntxiv. Qhov nce pawg ntawm cov tawv nqaij-pom cov nyuj los ua ib qho qoob loo xwb hauv xyoo 1960. 
Raws li rau lawv sab nrauv nta, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau cov nram qab no:
- taub hau - ntev, nrog rau ib rab yaj phom loj;
- horns - grey, nrog tsaus nti;
- lub caj dab - nruab nrab hauv qhov ntev, tsis hais cov nqaij ntshiv, tab sis nrog cov quav;
- hauv siab - nruab nrab qhov dav, qhov tob ntawm 70-75 cm;
- tom qab - tiaj tus, nrog ncaj ncaj sab nraub qaum thiab ib qho chaw pw dav;
- ob txhais ceg - du thiab muaj zog, ruaj khov;
- lub plab - heev voluminous, nrog ib tug lub tais-puab tus udder thiab unevenly tsim Shares rau nws.
Qhov siab ntawm cov dub thiab dawb cov nyuj ntawm lub qhov quav yog 130-132 cm (lub cev lub cev ntev - 158-162 cm), nrog ib qhov ceeb thawj ntawm 550-650 kg rau cov pojniam thiab 900-1000 kg ntawm cov txiv neej. Thaum yug, qhov nyhav ntawm cov hlav yog feem ntau yog 37-42 kg.
Nws tseem ceeb heev!Dub-thiab-dawb nyuj nyob rau hauv Belarus ua tau li 99.8% ntawm tag nrho cov naj npawb teb.Cov nyuj no yuav khav tau zoo heev ntawm cov khoom tsim tau, li cas los xij, lawv feem ntau yog nyob ntawm seb cov khoom noj khoom haus zoo li cas thiab cov xwm txheej ntawm kev raug txim. Qhov nruab nrab, koj yuav tsum tsom ncaj qha rau cov lus hauv qab no:
- mis nyuj hlav ib xyoos twg - 3500-6000 kg;
- mis nyuj muaj roj - 3.4-3.6%, nrog cov ntsiab lus muaj protein ntau ntawm 3.1-3.3%;
- nqaij slaughter - 55-60%;
- thaum ntxov kom loj hlob - sim, thiab rau cov nqaij mob ceev ceev yuav tsum tau noj haus nrog tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm cov tshuaj uas muaj concentrated.
Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog lwm cov nyuj siv mis, cov khoom tsim ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov tsiaj no tso cai rau lawv nyob hauv ib qho ntawm cov chaw hauv cov lag luam niaj hnub. Txawm li cas los, yug me nyuam ua hauj lwm nrog cov tsiaj tseem nyob hauv lub teb chaws hnub no, yog li ntawd nws yuav hais tias nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej peb yuav muaj peev xwm tham txog ntau cov nqi ntawm productivity nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov lus qhia.
Kos seb qhov zoo tshaj plaws mis nyuj thiab nyuj nyuj nyob hauv Russia.
Liab steppe
Lwm cov thoob plaws hauv Belarus yug ntawm cov tsiaj nyuj. Txawm tias muaj tseeb tias lawv tsis tshua muaj ntau dua li cov yav dhau los hauv lub teb chaws, qhov no tsis ua rau lawv pom tsawg dua. Lub keeb kwm ntawm qhov tsos ntawm tus yug rov qab mus rau XVIII caug xyoo, thiab nws cov ancestors yog cov bulls ntawm angelic yug thiab dog dig steppe nyuj. Tshaj li kaum xyoo tom ntej, kev ua haujlwm rau tsiaj txhu ua kom zoo dua qub ntawm cov tsiaj tshiab tsis tau tso tseg, thiab tsis ntev los no cov kws tshawb fawb tau sim txhim kho cov khoom noj khoom haus thiab cov nqaij los ntawm kev hla tus ceg uas twb muaj lawm liab nrog cov neeg sawv cev rau cov tub ntxhais hluas liab qes. 
Tus sab nrauv ntawm cov tsiaj txhu niaj hnub muaj cov yeeb yam nram qab no:
- taub hau - nruab nrab, nrog ib tug me ntsis elongated muzzle thiab medium horns;
- lub caj dab - nyias nyias, nrog ntau hom plaub thiab tsa;
- hauv siab - tob, tab sis tsis heev li, dewlap weakly tsim;
- tom qab - tiaj tus, sab nraub qaum yog dav;
- ob txhais ceg - du thiab muaj zog;
- lub plab - loj, tab sis tsis saib drooping;
- udder - qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov loj, sib npaug (qee zaum muaj cov nyuj nrog cov udder ntawm lub cev tsis zoo);
- lub nplua - liab, nrog qhov sib luag thiab cov xim dawb.
Nyob rau hauv lub withers, qhov siab ntawm cov nyuj ntawm no yug tsis tshaj 136-129 cm (lub cev lub cev ntev - 155-160 cm), nrog ib tug qhov ceeb thawj ntawm cov txiv neej 800-900 kg thiab cov pojniam nyob rau hauv 550-600 kg. Cov neeg yug tshiab cov nyhav hauv qhov hnyav ntawm 30 kg, tab sis ze dua rau rau lub hlis uas lawv muaj peev xwm ncav cuag 185 kg.
Koj puas paub? Cov nyuj tshaj uas teev hauv phau Guinness Book of Records yog cov nyuj ntawm Blos, uas nyob hauv Illinois thiab tuag hauv xyoo 2015 tom qab raug mob ntawm ceg. Nws qhov siab yog 190 cm, thiab tseem tsis muaj ntaub ntawv qhia tias cov ntaub ntawv no tau tawg.Sib tham txog tus liab steppe nyuj, ib tug tsis tuaj yeem pab tau tab sis xyuam xim rau cov cim ntawm nws cov khoom tsim tau, rau qhov, qhov tseeb, xws li tsiaj txhu muaj nuj nqis. Qhov nruab nrab qhov tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no zoo li no:
- mis nyuj hlav ib xyoos twg - 3500-4500 kg;
- mis nyuj muaj roj - 3.7-3.9%, nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov protein ntawm 3.2-3.5%;
- nqaij slaughter - 54-56% (cov leeg tsis zoo tsim ob leeg nyob rau hauv nyuj thiab hauv bulls);
- hnyav nce - Nruab nrab, nrog intensive fattening, 900 g ib hnub twg.
Txawm tias tsis tshua tus nqi ntawm cov khoom siv tawm los, cov paj nyuj uas yog xim liab tseem ceeb heev nyob rau hauv Belarus xwb, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Russia, uas yog qhov loj vim nws muaj peev xwm ua kom haum thiab muaj peev xwm hloov tau rau txhua yam kev mob nkeeg.
Nyeem ntxiv txog cov nta ntawm yug me nyuam liab steppe yug ntawm cov nyuj.
Simmental
Tus qub tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho cov hom sawv cev. Cov kws tshawb nrhiav tseem tsis tau muaj ntau lub tswv yim txog keeb kwm ntawm cov nqaij thiab cov tsiaj nyeg, thiab tsuas yog qhov lawv pom zoo nyob hauv lub tebchaws uas yog keeb kwm - Switzerland. Raws li ib qho kev pom, ntawm cov pog koob yawg koob Simmental nyuj (ob lub npe hu ua Bern) muaj cov tsiaj qus ncig nrog Helvet nyuj, thiab raws li ob, Scandinavian nyuj coj mus rau cov av hauv Swiss hauv lub xyoo pua tsib xyoo yog cov neeg yug ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg.
Outwardly, cov no yog pom thiab zoo nyuj, uas sawv tawm ntawm tus so nrog lawv sab nrauv nta:
- taub hau - coarse, loj, nrog ib tug loj forehead thiab lub teeb liab ntswg thiab muag tawv muag;
- lub teeb horns - me me, feem ntau ua rau sab;
- lub caj dab - luv luv thiab npag, smoothly dhau mus rau hauv siab;
- hauv siab - sib sib zog nqus, cov nyuj muaj ib qho pom tau zoo heev;
- tom qab - tiaj tus, tig mus rau tus loin ntev thiab lub sacrum (lub croup yog qhov dav dav);
- ob txhais ceg - Ncaj nraim, thwj teeb, nrog paj yeeb hooves hauv qab;
- lub plab - dawb, me ntsis sags, tab sis sawv tawm ntawm ob sab, lub udder yog npawv;
- lub nplua - Lee los yog lee-cream, tab sis muaj ntau tus tsiaj txhu liab los yog liab-dawb-dawb.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov tsiaj qee zaus muaj cov tib neeg nrog hind ob txhais ceg, teem caij zoo li ntxhw. Qhov no feature yog suav tias yog ib qho yug ntawm kev yug menyuam yaus thiab txwv tsis pub siv tsiaj rau yug me nyuam.Qhov hnyav ntawm tus neeg laus nyuj ranges ntawm 550 mus rau 900 kg, thaum lub bull ncav qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 850-1300 kg. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, qhov ceeb thawj ntawm me nyuam mos calves feem ntau tshaj 45 kg, uas yog vim li cas thawj zaug yug feem ntau yuav siv qhov chaw nrog teeb meem. Qhov siab ntawm lub withers ntawm ib tug neeg laus nyuj nws txawv ntawm 145-155 cm nrog ib lub cev ntev ntawm 160 cm.
Xws li rau cov khoom noj zoo ntawm Simmental nyuj, Belarusians nqi lawv rau cov yeeb yam nram no:- mis nyuj hlav ib xyoos twg - 3500-5000 kg thiab ntau dua;
- mis nyuj muaj roj - 3.8-4.0%, nrog cov ntsiab lus muaj protein ntau txog li 4-5%;
- nqaij slaughter - 55-65%;
- nqaij zoo - siab, txawv los ntawm nws cov high calorie ntsiab lus;
- thaum ntxov kom loj hlob - hnyav hnyav nce ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas muaj 850-1100 g ib hnub;
- high yuav ntau ntawm yug ntawm ntxaib plab hlaub.
Kawm seb yuav tu thiab noj li cas rau Simmental nyuj yug.
Simmental nyuj yog cov tsiaj muaj zog thiab ruaj khov, tab sis qhov no tsis txhais hais tias nws yog ib qho ua tau los tu rau lawv mob tshaj rau lwm cov tsiaj txhu. Ib yam ntawm lawv yuav txawv los ntawm cov khoom tsim tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm zoo mob thiab zoo noj haus, thiab yog hais tias peb coj mus rau hauv tus account cov nuj nqis ntawm Belarusian nqaij nyuj thiab mis nyuj, tus tswv teb ntawm lub teb chaws paub qhov tseeb.
