Tsiaj txu siv ntau hom khoom noj, tiam sis txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tsis yog kev noj qab haus huv zoo nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj nce qib hnyav sai. Rau lub hom phiaj no, ob qho tib si sib xyaw ua ke thiab cov khoom noj uas muaj concentrated, uas muaj tej yam zoo, siv.
Yuav ua li cas yog nws, thiab dab tsi subspecies yuav muab faib ua concentrated zaub mov - nyeem on.
Dab tsi yog qhov
Cov khoom noj cog qoob loo uas sawv cev los ntawm ib homogeneous khoom nrog ib tus qauv khov. Nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj legumes thiab cereals, cereals, as Well as pov tseg los ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj industries, uas twb dhau lub theem ntawm kev sib tsoo thiab tu.
Nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog rau lwm cov ntau yam, cov khoom noj no muaj ntau dua cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev siv tshuaj, nrog rau cov fiber ntau. Nws tuaj yeem noj tau qhuav los yog steamed nrog tawb quav nyab los yog quav cab. Xav txog txhua yam tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom pub zoo li no.
Cereal nplej
Pob kws, barley, hom qoob mog, oats, rye thiab lwm yam cereals yog lub ntsiab ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus. Kwv yees li 2/3 ntawm tag nrho cov qoob loo yog hmoov txhuv nplej siab, uas yog yuav luag tag nrho hauv lub cev.
Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm digestible digestible carbohydrates saib xyuas cov zaub mov muaj nqis ntawm cereal grains, uas yog nyob rau hauv qhov ntau ntawm 0.95-1.35 pub. units on 1 kg. Tib lub sijhawm, cov cereal protein yog cov xeeb ntxwv uas tsis tshua muaj bio-nqi.
Koj puas paub? Cov tsev neeg xyoob yog qhov chaw ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, tab sis piv rau cov nroj tsuag tsawg zuj zus tuaj, nws yog ib qho loj heev, vim tias nws cov qoob loo loj tuaj mus rau 3800 m!
Noob ntawm legumes
Zoo li cov noob qoob loo, cov protein ntau thiab lysine yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov nqaij nyoos (cov ntsiab limiting amino acid hauv npua npua), thiab cov neeg sawv cev ntawm pawg neeg no yog peas, taum pauv thiab lupins, tab sis qee zaus muaj cov fodder muaj wiki, lentils, taum fodder.
Pea zoo haum rau pub npua, raws li nws muaj 220 g ntawm protein thiab 15 g ntawm lysine ib kilogram. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm biological nqi, nws yog nyob ze rau soybean noj mov thiab nqaij noj mov, uas muaj txog tib tus nqi ntawm cov protein. Feem ntau hauv cov khoom noj uas muaj concentrated rau cov nyuj muaj li ntawm 10% ntawm peas.
Tshawb xyuas seb dab tsi muaj feem xyuam rau legumes.
Soy Nws suav hais tias yog qhov tseem ceeb taum, vim hais tias nws muaj txog li 33% ntawm cov protein ntau - feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov hom nroj tsuag. 1 kg nyiaj rau 21-23 g ntawm lysine, uas nqa soy protein kom ze rau cov tsiaj protein component.
Txawm li cas los xij, cov khoom noj khoom haus tiv thaiv tsis muaj nyob rau hauv cov taum pauv, yog vim li cas kev siv cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo hauv cov concentrated mixtures thiab cov qoob loo cog qoob loo tsuas pub tom qab lawv tau siav tag nrho: piv txwv li, ci los yog extruding.
Yog hais tias koj loj hlob npua, ces koj yuav tsum them sai sai mus pub nrog ib tug high school cov ntsiab lus lupine. Qhov no yog ib qho khoom noj uas zoo heev, uas yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog siv los siv thaum pub tsiaj rau qos yaj ywm.
Khib cov khoom tsim
Tom qab ua ntau yam khoom cog, ntau cov khoom pov tseg, uas tseem siv tau rau kev pub mis nyuj thiab npua. Piv txwv, lub ncuav mog qab zib thiab pluas noj, tshuav tom qab noj cov nplej ntawm cov taum pauv, paj noob hlis, paj rwb, flax thiab txiv laum huab xeeb, muaj li 31-45% ntawm cov protein ntau.
Qhuav beet pulp - ib qho tseem ceeb cov khoom rau ruminants, yog li nws yog nkag tau rau hauv kev noj haus ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas raws li ib qho lwm txoj rau grain (feem ntau mus txog 10% los ntawm qhov ceeb thawj yog siv).
Tshawb xyuas seb yuav ua li cas sunflower cake thiab noj mov txawv.
Ib qho ntawm cov hom pov tseg kev tsim khoom yog zib suab thaj - Cov dej ua kom sib xyaw txog cov dej khov, uas muaj li ntawm 50 feem pua ntawm cov suab thaj thiab 10% ntawm nitrogenous tshuaj (rau feem ntau hom non-protein hom). High concentration ntawm sugars txhawb kom zoo pub digestibility.
Yog tias ua tau, koj tuaj yeem siv cov khoom siv cawv los yog breweries, piv txwv li, pellet. Nyob rau hauv lub xeev qhuav, qhov tshuaj no yuav yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom noj uas pub siv tau rau ob qho tib si rau pub npua thiab khaws cia grain.
Beet pulp (granule)
Hom kev ua
Tag nrho cov khoom ntawm concentrated pub yuav tsum pretreated, uas yuav ua kom lawv zoo thiab ua rau kom pom kev sib raug zoo nrog lwm yam. Muaj ntau qhov kev xaiv rau kev ua haujlwm, peb xav txog qhov nrov tshaj plaws.
Shredding
Qhov kev npaj theem no yog yuav tsum tau rau legumes thiab cereals, vim tsuas yog crushing los yog kev sib tsoo tuaj yeem ua kom txuag tau cov tawv nqaij, ua li no pab txhawb cov khoom noj ntawm cov tsiaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, crushed grain yog ntau yooj yim dua los ua ke nrog lwm hom sib tov mixtures.
Cov theem ntawm kev sib tsoo yuav nyob ntawm seb lub hnub nyoog thiab hom tsiaj. Yog li, nyob rau hauv me nyuam mos, nws yog ntshaw kom pub calves thiab piglets nrog zoo tws grain (tsis ntau tshaj li 1 mm), tab sis rau cov neeg laus cov neeg laus cov particle loj yuav 1.5-2 mm. Crushed nplej muab tag nrho cov hom tsiaj, sib txuas nrog lawv nrog cov qoob loo paus, silage thiab tws straw.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Thaum sib tsoo grain cov qoob loo, ib feem ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab yog hloov mus rau hauv cov monosaccharides, uas yog muab cov qoob loo tom qab qab zib. Txawm li cas los, vim yog lub denaturation ntawm protein, lub digestibility ntawm protein thiab tau txais cov amino acids yog me ntsis txo.
Crushed pob kws
Malting
Hom kev ua no yog siv los txhim kho lub qab zog ntawm cov txiv ntseej (feem ntau yog barley, hom qoob mog thiab pob kws), yog li ntawd cov tsiaj muaj ntau dua noj zaub mov. Tus essence ntawm tus txheej txheem yog txo rau cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm grain ntawm high kub, nrog rau cov hmoov nplej uas muaj suab thaj thiab zoo dua absorbed.
Qhov no yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau kev pub mis rau me nyuam noj thiab cov txiv qhuav noj qab haus huv (siv cov hmoov nplej, koj tuaj yeem hloov mus txog 50% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom noj uas muaj concentrate).
Nws yog ib qho nthuav kom paub yuav ua li cas yuav ua rau tus pub rau npua nrog koj txhais tes.
Hauv tsev, xws li kev cob qhia thiaj li ua tau los ntawm kev muab ib feem ntawm qhov kev xav rau ob peb xuab moos nyob rau hauv lub tais los yog lub taub dej kub ntsev (+ 85-90 ° C). Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, rau 1 kg ntawm pub yuav tsum txog 1.5-2 liv dej, thiab soaked grain, nws yog ntshaw kom tas li ua.
Kom cov zaub mov sov so ntev li ntev tau, nws tau ntim nrog 5-centimeter txheej ntawm cov hmoov qhuav sib tov qhuav. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws-qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev laus tiv thaiv tau ntawm ib tug ua ntsuas kub ntawm + 60-65 ° C.
Malting pub: yees duab
Poov xab
Nrog kev pab los ntawm cov poov xab, nws yog ib qhov ua tau kom ua rau kom muaj tsawg ntawm cov protein kom mus rau hauv lub cev tsiaj. Thaum lub sij hawm ua, lub grain yog enriched nrog protein, uas muaj ib tug high nqi txheeb raws roj ntsha tus nqi (nws cov nqi nce yuav luag ob leeg).
Qhov no tivthaiv muaj tag nrho cov tseem ceeb cov acids thiab yog 90-95% absorbed los ntawm lub cev, uas txuag tau li 25% ntawm concentrated pub. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev siv cov concentrates xws li muaj txiaj ntxim rau cov kev kho mob ntawm cov tsiaj, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nce lawv tsim tau los ntawm 15-20%.
Qhia koj tus kheej nrog rau cov cai rau kev npaj quav nyab hom tsiaj
Poov muaj peev xwm nqa tawm los ntawm boil, bezoparny thiab fermenting txoj kev, tab sis nyob rau hauv tej ntawm lawv poov thiab dej sov siv, nyob rau hauv uas grain yog soaked.
Pub Poov xab
Extrusion
Qhov kev xaiv no ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm kev pub noj tshuaj yog qhov tsim nyog tshaj plaws, raws li nws muaj feem xyuam rau cov kev hloov loj hauv cov qauv lis, hloov cov khoom siv ntawm cov khoom muaj protein, hmoov txhuv nplej siab, fiber ntau thiab lwm yam kev pab cuam.
Tus txheej txheem ntawm extrusion tus txheej txheem yog nyob rau hauv qhov kev sib hloov mechanical (piv txwv li, compression los yog txhuam) ntawm grain, uas tshwm rau lub caij ntawm nws lub zog los ntawm extruder nias thiab "tawg" thaum homogeneous pawg raug rho tawm ntawm lub tshuab (yog vim li cas yog ib tug cia li hloov lub siab).
Extrusion nce tus nqi roj lom cov khoom muaj nqis, cov khoom txawb cellulose thiab cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab, hloov cov lwg me me mus rau hauv dextrins, nce ntxiv cov khoom noj thiab ua kom lawv muaj kev yoojyim dua.
Kev ua cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo tsis muaj ntxhiab tsw zoo ntawm cov qhob cij ci thiab tsis muaj qab ntxiag saj, uas thaum lub sij hawm siv cov khoom noj sib xyaw ua rau muaj kev nce qib ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb thiab, saum toj noj tag nrho, npua.
Koj puas paub? Yog tias koj ntseeg tias cov archaeologists, ces nplej yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau cov kev lis kev cai hauv peb ntiaj chaw. Rov qab nyob rau xyoo 1904, hauv Lub Tuam Txhab ntawm Sacramento, tau pom tias, thaum lub sij hawm ntawd, raws li kev kwv yees qhov kev kwv yees, muaj txog 5 txhiab xyoo.
Pub ducks extruded pub: yees duab
Micronization
Cov txheej txheem no yuav ua rau lub qe ntawm cov qoob nplaum nrog qhov sib npaug, kev ziab thiab hloov tus qauv ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab. Nws yog ua tau kom ua tau zoo li tau los ntawm cua kub hauv qhov cub ci ntsa iab rau + 100 ... +120 ° C rau 20-40 feeb.
Raws li pom tau tias muaj kev kub ntxhov, cov protein ntau tuaj thiab cov qauv ntawm cov carbohydrates hloov, uas ua rau muaj qhov zoo ntawm cov tsiaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, micronization pab txo kom cov kab mob tsawg tsawg ntawm 5-6, thiab yog tias txoj kev kho mob ncua ntev li 45 nas this, ces cov tshuaj proteolytic yuav ploj mus.
Hais tias yog, tag nrho cov concentrated pub yuav luag tag nrho tau tshem ntawm granary pests.
Kawm yuav ua li cas nrog tsev teb weevil.
Micronized Cornflakes
Concentrated pub
Tsis yog tag nrho cov khoom noj tsis haum yog tsim rau cov nqaij qaib, npua los yog nyuj, yog li ua ntej yuav ib qho kev qhia ntawv, nws yuav pab tau koj tus kheej kom paub txog txhua yam ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb.
Rau cov noog
Grain yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom noj uas tsis muaj concentrated, tab sis nws cov khoom yuav sib txawv kiag li. Cov nyiaj noj yuav xam tau raws li cov ntaub ntawv hauv qab no:
Rau chickens qhov zoo tshaj plaws yog qhov ratio ntawm Cheebtsam:
- pob kws - 50% ntawm tag nrho cov loj ntawm cov pub;
- nplej - 15-20%;
- ncuav mog qab zib lossis pluas mov - li 20%;
- roj tshuaj thiab chalk - qhov seem uas yog 10%.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Rau feem ntau, tag nrho cov kab uas tsim nyog rau tsiaj (piv txwv li, zinc los yog manganese) muaj nyob rau hauv cereals, thaum lub ntsiab qhov ntawm cov vitamins yog muab zais rau hauv taum.
Pub hens
Rau ducks Cov nram qab no qhov tseem ceeb yog pom kev:
- pob kws - 50%;
- milled los yog grain hom qoob mog - 20%;
- oats los yog barley - li 15%;
- peas - 10%;
- bran, cake lossis poov xab - tsis ntau tshaj 5%.
Kawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev pub mis rau hauv tsev.
Yog tias koj loj tuaj geese nws yog qhov zoo dua los ua kom pom tseeb ntawm cov xov tooj:
- pob kws - tsis pub ntau tshaj 20%;
- nplej - 15%;
- barley - 20%;
- oats - 25%;
- nplej txhuam - 19%;
- ntsev - 1%.
Tau txais kev pom zoo nrog kev noj zaub mov zoo ntawm goslings los ntawm thawj hnub ntawm lub neej.
Rau turkeys yam muaj zog ntawm cov khoom noj yuav tsum muab faib raws li nram no:
- pob kws - 35%;
- barley - 35%;
- hmoov nplej (zaub los yog tsiaj txhu) - 15%;
- nplej - 10%;
- sunflower noj mov - 3%;
- limestone - 2%.
Kawm yuav ua li cas kom loj hlob broiler turkeys nyob rau tom tsev.Qee lub sij hawm nws yog ib qho ua tau los ntawm ib qho me ntsis ntawm cov kev cai no, tab sis feem ntau ntawm txhua pawg ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg yuav tsum tau txais cov zaub mov hauv qhov tseeb ntawm cov txiaj ntsim ntawm cov as-ham.
Pub turkeys
Rau cov nyuj
Kev siv cov qoob loo pub rau cov tsiaj nyeg tuaj yeem ua rau cov kua mis thiab nws cov zaub mov muaj nqis, thiab tsis hais txog cov txiaj ntsim zoo tshaj ntawm cov nqaij.
Cov noob taum muaj cov nyhuv zoo, qhov uas muaj ntau npaum li cas ntawm cov protein, thiab 20-30% (nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm nyob ntsiag to) thiab mus txog 60% rau cov nyuj nrog cov mis nyuj ua ke yog suav tias yog siv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo uas siv.
Kawm seb yuav ua li cas thiaj tau fatten nyuj.
Cereals yuav siv tau ob qho tib si qhuav thiab hauv ib qho chaw mos, tom qab tov nrog dej. Qhov seem ntawm qhov chaw nyob hauv cov concentrates kuj yuav tsum tau los ntawm soybeans, alfalfa, barley thiab oats.
Rau npua
Vim yog cov nplua nuj ntawm cov concentrates (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov protein thiab cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab), lawv siv yog tsim nyog thaum yug me nyuam npua uas nws cov kua ua tau ntau heev thiab cov cua.
Mus txog 70% ntawm cov hnoos qoob loo tuaj yeem muaj nyob rau hauv kev noj haus ntawm cov tsiaj txhu los ntawm kev muab piv nrog rau lwm cov khoom hauv qhov no:
- barley - 40%;
- nplej - 30%;
- oats - 10%;
- pob kws - 10%;
- peas - 10%;
- ntsev - teaspoon;
- chalk thiab vitamins - ntawm kev txiav txim siab ntawm tus tswv.
Kawm tag nrho txog kev pub mis rau npua: yuav ua li cas thiaj ua tau qhov zoo tshaj plaws noj haus thiab xaiv lub tshuab zoo.
Ua ntej koj muab xws li ib tug sib tov ntawm npua, cereals, nws yog ntshaw kom grind zoo thiab tsuas yog ces ntxiv rau lawv lub Cheebtsam. Tom qab stirring lub mash nyob rau hauv boiling dej, nws yog infused rau 12 xuaj moos tom ntej ua ntej noj.
Kev haus nqus yog thaum npua yog 90%, yog tias koj xav kom muaj roj zoo, koj tuaj yeem siv cov carbohydrate nplej, muab ntxiv rau legumes rau ntau cov nqaij nyuj. Qhov tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm lysine thiab qee cov amino acids nyob rau hauv cov khoom noj muaj peev xwm yuav ua kom tiav nrog cov nqaij thiab pob txha noj mov thiab ntau cov nqaij seem uas yog sib xyaw nrog lub ntsiab pub.
Rau tshis
Tsis zoo li cov nyuj, npua thiab nqaij qaib, cov tshis feem ntau tsis xav tau cov concentrates, uas txhais tau hais tias cov khoom noj zoo li raug siv los ua ib qho khoom noj khoom haus, normalizing qib ntawm cov khoom noj hauv lawv lub cev. Qhov siab npaum li cas ntawm grain thaum lub sij hawm no yuav tsum tsis muaj ntau tshaj 30%, txwv tsis pub muaj tej zaum muaj teeb meem nrog lub plab hnyuv loj ntawm cov tsiaj thiab lawv cov rog.
Thaum noj cov tshis hauv lawv cov zaub mov feem ntau muaj xws li oats, pluas noj, barley, pob kws, roj thiab bran, thaum cov hmoov tshis mis nyuj tseem muaj noj nrog alfalfa quav nyab.
Tshawb xyuas cov tswv yim thiab cov lus pom zoo rau cov pib ua tshis, cov cai tswj hwm thiab pub mis nyuj haus.
Concentrated pub yuav ua ke nrog pub mixtures, txij li qhuav qhuav yog tsis li nthuav rau cov tsiaj li mash.
Qhov tso cai muaj pes tsawg ntawm cov khoom noj uas muaj concentrated rau cov tshis yog:
- lis - 30%;
- oatmeal - 20%;
- bran (nyiam dua hom qoob mog) - 22%;
- av nplej - 9%;
- sunflower noj mov - 10%;
- poov xab - 5%;
- ua ntej - 3%;
- ntsev - 1%.
Ua ntej pub rau tsiaj, tag nrho cov khoom yuav tsum tau sib tov zoo thiab hais kom nyob hauv dej npau npau ntev li 12 teev.
Koj puas paub? Cov mis nyuj yog nqaij ntim ntawm lub cev tib neeg lub cev sai dua nyuj cov kua mis, yog li ntawd nws yog kev pom zoo rau cov neeg uas raug kev tsim txom tsis pub dhau mus rau tom kawg. Cuaj kaum, kwv yees li 2/3 ntawm cov pej xeem niaj hnub no yeej tsis tau sim cov khoom no txhua.
Rau cov yaj
Lub plab system ntawm cov tsiaj nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev zoo nkaus li qhov chaw thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub plab hnyuv siab raum nyob rau hauv lub tshis lub cev, yog li koj yuav tsum tsis txhob feem ntau siv concentrated pub. Hauv qhov no, tus nqi ntawm lawv cov muab tawm yog kwv yees li 200 g ib tug poj niam thiab 700 g ib tug txiv neej ib hnub twg, thiab yuav kom ua tiav siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov protein, fiber ntau thiab carbohydrates, koj tuaj yeem ua pob kws, legumes thiab roj.
Yaj tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyiam pob kws cov qoob loo, tab sis cov khoom faib hauv qab no yuav tsis pub tsawg dua:
- oats - 26%;
- barley - 25%;
- nplej txhuam hniav - 23%;
- sunflower noj mov - 13%;
- poov xab - 8%;
- deflorinated phosphate - 3%;
- ua ntej - 1%;
- ntsev - 1%.
Kawm yuav ua li cas pub yaj nyob tom tsev.
Cov khoom no hloov tau los ntawm lwm tus, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog qhov uas lawv nyob sib npaug hauv lawv cheebtsam. Yog li, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yuav yog pob kws, taum, ncuav mog qab zib.
Rau cov nees
Ntawm tag nrho cov yam ntawm cov concentrates, cov tsiaj xav oats, nyob rau hauv txhua daim ntawv: quav nyab, grain, pluas noj, los yog roj. Nees kuj yuav tsis muab barley thiab hom qoob mog, uas, tsis zoo li oats, yuav tsum tau tag nrho nrog xyaw cov txau.
Cov qoob loo ntawm cov qoob loo yuav tsum txiav txim siab raws li lub cev thiab kev ua neej ntawm tus tsiaj: oats txhawb thiab txhawb nqa lub zog txhua hnub, cov rye thiab barley yuav yog ib qho khoom noj zoo rau lwm cov khoom, thiab cov nplej yuav tsim nyog yog tias koj xav tau sai sai.
Ib tug nees yuav tsum tau txais 30 feem pua ntawm cov concentrate ib hnub, tab sis cov kev ntseeg no yog kwv yees heev: ntau nyob ntawm lub neej ntawm txhua tus tsiaj. 20% ntawm cov khoom noj uas muaj concentrated txaus, nrog rau lub teeb pom kev (piv txwv li, luv caij) - 30%, nrog lub npav caij thiab dressage - 40%, nrog kev ua haujlwm nrab - 50%, muaj zog ua haujlwm - 60%, nrog ceev jumps lossis cov haiv neeg - 70% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom noj.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Lub peculiarity ntawm lub muab pub thaum pub nees yog qhov yuav tsum tau tuav lawv, vim hais tias tag nrho cov yam tsis zoo absorbed los ntawm nees 'lub plab. Рожь или ячмень желательно запаривать в воде до их разбухания, чтобы исключить возможность появления колик у животных.
Raws li qhov kev xaiv tau, cov nees yuav npaj tau nrog cov khoom noj uas tsis muaj zog, sib tov sib npaug ua milled oats nrog cov khoom noj khoom haus thiab ua kom puv nws cov dej npau npau. Nrog rau qhov sib tw tam sim ntawd ntawm qhov sib tov yuav tsum tau txias kom txias.
Nyeem cov cai ntawm kev yug menyuam hauv tsev.
Raws li koj tau pom, noj cov zaub mov yuav ua tau tus neeg pabcuam rau tus neeg ua liaj ua teb thaum pub mis rau txhua tus tsiaj hauv tsev. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yuav tsum nco ntsoov yog txhua yam tsiaj ntawm cov tsiaj txhu ntawm cov khoom, thiab cov saum toj saud yuav muaj peev xwm hais qhia rau koj txog qhov no.
