Birch yog tsob ntoo loj heev nyob rau qaum teb hemisphere. Ntau haiv neeg txuam nrog lawv txoj kev ntseeg thiab lawv cov vajtswv nrog nws, siv nyob rau hauv txhua txhua hnub lub neej thiab rau kev kho mob. Dab tsi yog qhov cim ntawm cov haiv neeg sab qaum teb, nws zoo li cas, hom twg muaj ntau dua thiab yuav ua li cas ach yog siv hauv tsev neeg thiab tshuaj - qhov no yuav tham ntxiv.
Dab tsi nws zoo li: lom kev piav qhia
Dawb txhim khu cov khoom siv nrog dub me ntsis, ntsuab ntse nplooj, hloov tau cov ceg ntoo - birch nyob rau sab qaum teb latitudes tsis yooj yim nrhiav.
Birch yog ib tsob ntoo uas muaj ntau-sided, xyuas seb nws txoj kev 10th.
Bark
Cov xim ntawm bark nyob rau hauv feem ntau cov tsiaj ntawm birch yog lub teeb - los ntawm yellowish mus rau reddish-xim av. Muaj cov ntoo uas muaj xim dub thiab grey. Cov tsob ntoo dawb zoo li nws yog vim betulin - cov khoom nyob rau hauv lub cork txheej ntawm bark; lawv sau cov kab noj hniav hauv kab no. Lub uppermost txheej ntawm bark, hu ua birch, yog heev nyias thiab yooj yim sib cais los ntawm lub pob tw.
Nplooj
Los xij yog cov khoom, ntawm cov ceg raug muab tso ua ke, sib npaug voos nyob rau hauv cov duab, widened ntawm lub hauv paus thiab tapering rau ntawm ntug, serrated. Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg lawv hloov xim xim daj thiab poob tawm. Cov tub ntxhais hluas nplooj yog them nrog ib hom khoom gummy.
Nyob hauv kev sib zog los kho koj lub ntsiab lus nrog xws li ib tsob ntoo zoo nkauj thiab tseem ceeb, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub qhov txheej txheem ntawm kev loj hlob birch thiab nws cov ciab ntau.
Lub raum, txiv neej thiab poj niam ntsej muag
Lub raum yog hloov, them nrog nplaum nplaum nplai.
Paj yog faib ua txiv neej thiab poj niam. Txiv neej, tsim rau hauv inflorescences, resembling tsej, loj hlob nyob rau ntev tua ntawm ob los yog plaub pieces. Thaum xub thawj lawv ntsuab, txog li 4 cm ntev, ces pib tsaus ntuj.
Qhwv muaj xws li paj uas muaj nplai; nyob rau hauv txhua lub paj muaj perianth nrog stamens. Them nrog resin, tiv thaiv lub stamens los ntawm noo noo, lub paj hibernate thiab caij nplooj ntoos hlav pib qhib.
Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav, los ntawm Lub peb hlis ntuj mus rau May, lub paj emit pollen uas yog nqa los ntawm cua, tom qab uas lub tsej tsij.
Koj puas paub? Birch ntoo yog txiv neej - "birch" thiab poj niam ceg ntoo. Koj muaj peev xwm qhia lawv txawv nyob rau hauv cov kev coj ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tus ceg - txiv neej ceg yog qhia upwards, tus poj niam - rau sab.
Cov poj niam ntsej muag tshwm ntawm cov ceg ntoo luv luv uas tsim los ntawm xyoo tas los tua, lawv me tshaj cov txiv neej. Ob tug txiv neej thiab poj niam poj niam tuaj yeem Bloom tib lub sijhawm.
Tom qab fertilization, tus poj niam qhaub nce, nws yuav muaj ceg; maj hlawv puv mus rau hauv ib lub me "lump". Thaum lub txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog ripe, lub qhws ntsej yuav crumble.
Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo
Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog ib lub noob txiv, oblate rau ob sab thiab ncig los ntawm lub me me.
Noob
Birch noob yog lub teeb - ib gram muaj txog li 5,000 noob. Lawv zoo coj los ntawm cua. Caij poob rau hauv ob theem - nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg thiab lub caij ntuj no. Lub caij ntuj no cov noob nyob zoo hauv qab daus thiab pib ua rau lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav nyob hauv ib qho chaw tshiab.
Hauv paus system
Lub hauv paus system yog haib thiab branched, feem ntau mus tob mus rau hauv cov av. Qee zaus muaj cov hauv paus hniav. Tawm hauv qab cov hauv paus hniav forked ntawm qhov tob, overgrown nrog ntau ntau txoj hlab uriciform keeb kwm.
Vim yog lub qauv ntawm cov keeb kwm, nyob rau hauv peb los yog plaub lub xyoo ntawm kev loj hlob, tsob ntoo pib loj hlob sai thiab nquag.
Tshawb xyuas seb yam dab tsi zoo li hauv acacias, beeches, elms, hornbeams, oaks, lindens, alders, ntoo tshauv, kab noj, Amur velvets, hnyuv ntoo, ginkgo biloba, glades, paulownias, catalps, txiv ntseej, eucalyptus ntoo.
Qhov twg loj hlob tuaj?
Hom tsiaj muaj ntau hom ua rau ntoo loj nyob rau sab qaum teb. Cov ntoo no nyob rau hauv Arctic Circle thiab nyob rau hauv lub tropics ntawm Asia.
Ib qho dav faib kuj yog tshwm sim los ntawm lawv cov unpretentiousness rau cov kab mob ntawm cov av - lawv ciaj sia nyob rau hauv cov permafrost qab Arctic vajvoog thiab nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam mountainous, thiab shrubs ntawm hom dwarf birch nquag hlob hauv lub tundra.
Cov hom loj
Nws tsis muaj lub tswv yim qhia meej thiab meej txog ntawm tus nab npawb ntawm cov ntoo no; Feem ntau cov botanists pom zoo tias muaj ntau tshaj 100 hom kab hom Birch hauv lub ntiaj teb. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv raug muab faib ua plaub pawg:
- Alba - Qhov no muaj xws li ntoo ceg ntoo nrog lub teeb pob.
- Costata - tsiaj nrog ribbed qia thiab ntxhib nplooj.
- Acuminata - Cov ntoo nrog loj nplooj, loj hlob tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub tropics.
- Nana - shrubs thiab stunted ntoo.
- Fluffy (pubescent) - hlob mus txog 25 metres, yog nyob rau sab qaum teb latitudes ntawm Tebchaws Europe thiab tebchaws Amelikas, nyiam thaj av.
- Warty (dai) - Qhov siab yog 25-30 meters, lub bark ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas ntoo tsaus, tab sis thaum muaj hnub nyoog 10-11 nws tau txais ib tug dawb tsos nqaij daim tawv. Cov ceg muaj ib tug cwj pwm zoo thiab tau them nrog protruding cob.
- Pob Zeb (Herman) - ntev-birch birch, nyob txog li 400 xyoo. Nws hlob nyob rau hauv lub steppe thiab tundra ntawm Asia. Mob khaub thuas-resistant, undemanding mus rau noo noo, zoo acclimatized on pluag stony xau.
- Cherry (qab zib los yog qab zib) - Tsaus tawv, zoo li lub lauj kaub, muaj kab ntsig aroma. Nws kho mob khaub thuas ua phem, yog li ntawd nws yeej tsis tshwm sim nyob rau sab qaum teb, nws los ntawm North America.
- Dwarf - heev luv luv, shrub es tsis tsob ntoo. Nws hlob nyob rau hauv tundra thiab mountainous cheeb tsam.
- Karelian - feem ntau qis ntoo loj hlob nyob rau sab qaum teb hav zoov ntawm Finland thiab Karelia. Cov hlua thiab cov yas sib ceg thiab cov ceg ntoo muaj qhov txawv txav txawv, reminiscent ntawm marble. Tsis tshua muaj nqis ntoo.
Ib co nta
Nws muaj qee qhov nta uas txawv cov tsiaj qus los ntawm ntau yam ntoo thiab ua rau nws nyob hauv hav zoov. Yog li, nws yog tsob ntoo uas ua thawj hauv qhov chaw npliag, seb nws yog ib qho felling, muaj teeb meem, los sis ua rau tsis zoo.
Nrab qhov siab, pob tw hauv lub cev
Nyob rau hauv feem ntau cov tsiaj, lub qhov siab ntawm lub cev nce mus txog 30 m. Ib txhia nrws loj hlob mus txog 40-45 meters. Muaj dwarfs, qhov siab ntawm uas tsis ntau tshaj li 2-3 meters.
Qhov feem ntau cov ntoo nrog lub cev pob nkag mus txog 150 cm.
Txoj kev loj hlob
Thaum xub thawj, lub birch hlob zuj zus. Tab sis tom qab peb los yog plaub lub xyoos, qhov teeb meem yog hloov thiab kev loj hlob yog qhib. Vim yog qhov loj hlob tus nqi, cov tsiaj nyeg tuaj yeem sib tw nrog ceev ceev loj hlob nyom.
Koj puas paub? Nyob rau ntau yam kev cai thiab kev cai dab qhuas pej xeem, birch occupies ib qho chaw tseem ceeb - lub Celts faus cov neeg tuag nyob rau hauv cov kaus mom ua los ntawm cov noog ntoo, thiab nyob rau hauv Orthodoxy, birch twigs decorate lub tsev thiab cov tuam tsev nyob rau hauv lub tsiab peb caug tus Vaj Ntsuj Trinity.
Lifespan
Qhov nruab nrab kev ua neej ntawm ib tug birch yog 100-150 xyoo. Muaj cov ntoo uas nyob rau 300-400 xyoo.
Frost tsis kam
Muaj ntau hom kab mob siab txias heev ntawm thaj chaw nruab nrab. Ib txhia ciaj sia nyob hauv Arctic, thaum muaj qhov kub tsis zoo. Nws kuj muaj xws li birch birch thiab dej birch, uas tsis zam txias thiab xav ib temperate kev nyab xeeb nrog me winters.
Tshuaj Kex
Qee qhov sib txawv hauv cov ntoo muaj ntau yam tshuaj uas muaj feem xyuam rau lawv cov khoom siv thiab cov tsos.
Bark
Nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov ntau yam ntawm bark, betulin yog tam sim no - ib tug dawb organic pigment uas muab lub bark ib tug dawb tsos nqaij daim tawv. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm betulin nws txawv ntawm 5 mus rau 44%, nyob ntawm seb hom ntoo.
Raum
Birch buds muaj tar, alkaloids, vitamin C, flavonoids thiab fatty acids. Tseemceeb roj tseem tuaj.
Nplooj
Cov nplooj yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv qhov tseem ceeb roj, dammaran derivatives, coumarins, tannins thiab flavonoids.
Yuav siv li cas
Birch ntoo tau pom lawv siv nyob rau hauv tib neeg kev lag luam, kev xyaum ua thiab tsim.
Qhia rau koj tus kheej nrog rau cov txiaj ntsim ntawm kev sib tw ntawm cov noog thiab birch buds.
Nyob rau hauv kev kos duab
Nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov toj roob hauv pes, cov ntoo ceg ntoo yog siv los kho cov pas dej, ua ke thiab tsim ib pab pawg nrog cov conifers. Kab txawv thaj av kuj siv los ua cov nroj tsuag hauv nruab nrab ntawm qhov chaw.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov hais tias birch muaj ib qho yooj yim cuam tshuam rau feem ntau cov nroj tsuag, raws li nws hlob thiab tsim sai, draining cov av nyob ib ncig ntawm nws. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws cov foliage inhibits ntau hom tsiaj.
Nyob rau hauv beekeeping
Bees sau birch pollen tsis heev txaus siab. Tab sis lub nplaum resin los ntawm nplooj thiab bark yog ib qhov zoo ntawm propolis - ib qho tseem ceeb heev cov khoom rau lub Bee swarm.
Hauv pej xeem cov tshuaj
Kho mob thiab herbalists nquag siv cov birch hauv lawv cov tshuaj. Nyiaj raws li nws zoo kho mob, tshem tawm cov mob, txo kev kub taub hau, yog ib qho zoo diuretic. Thiab txhua tus neeg tau hnov txog lub tsev dej da dej nrog birch twigs - yog li ntawd peb cov ancestors kho mob khaub thuas, qhov txhab thiab tawv nqaij, tshem tawm qaug zog.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Birch raws cov khoom yuav ua tau rau txaus ntshai rau cov neeg muaj kab mob hauv lub raum, yog li lawv yuav tsum tau siv nrog ceev faj.
Ntoo
Taws Los ntawm no tsob ntoo lawv muab ntau ntawm tshav kub thiab hlawv rau ib ntev lub sij hawm - qhov no yog ib qho ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws breeds rau cua sov qhov qhovcub.
Nrhiav cov ntoo uas zoo dua.
Nws tsis haum raws li kev tsim kho khoom siv - nws pib rot thiab vau nrog fungi sai heev, txawm li cas los nws yog ib qho khoom zoo rau cov rooj tog thiab ntau yam handicrafts. Karelian birch nrog nws txawv txawv cov ntoo zoo nkauj tshwj xeeb tshaj yog.
Birch ua zoo thiab ruaj khov skis, cov pob zeb rau cov riam phom, cov khoom ua si; Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb raws li raw khoom rau ua plywood.
Cap - tsim-up rau ntawm cov khoom siv - ua hauj lwm raws li ib cov khoom zoo rau kev txiav txim siab, cov luam yeeb, ntau yam khoom plig. 
Lus Teb:
Lus Teb: - qhov no yog cov dej tau thaum lub sij hawm pyrolysis ntawm ntoo. Birch tar muaj paraffin, creosote, toluene, thiab tar. Nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Ottoman Lavxias teb sab, raug xa tawm thiab tau paub tias txawv teb chaws raws li "Lavxias teb sab roj".
Nws siv los ua ib qho kev txuag tawv hauv cov tawv nqaij kom tiv thaiv rotting thiab thaum ua muag muag (muag tawv), ua lub roj rau cov ntoo, nrog rau cov log, rau kev tiv thaiv kab tsuag thiab kab tsuag hauv vaj.
Balsams ntawm Vishnevsky thiab Wilkinson, as Well as lub xab npum, tsim nyob rau ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm tar. Nyob rau hauv veterinary tshuaj, lichens thiab wounds nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj raug kho nrog tar, thiab hooves nyob rau hauv nyuj thiab cov nees kho.
Koj puas paub? Hauv kev txhais, lub npe Icelandic Bjork txhais hais tias "Birch".
Beresta
Beresta - Qhov no yog ib txheej txheej nyias ntawm cov tawv ntoo tsiaj txhu. Beresta tau siv nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm - raws li ib qho khoom rau kev tsim kho ntawm lub tsev thiab tag nrho cov tais diav. Lawv tau ua cov tais diav hauv tsev - tuesa thiab baskets. Tau siv tus ceg ntoo thiab cov khoom rau kev sau ntawv.
Tam sim no birchwood pab raws li ib cov khoom rau kev siv ntawm ntau handicrafts - lub caj npab ntawm riam, khoom plig, cov khoom ntawm pej xeem artisans.
Hais lus ntawm birch, nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov, ib tug sloping los yog birch fungus parasitizing on ib tsob ntoo tinder uas kho thaj chaw yog dav paub.
Kua txiv
Nrog rau qhov pib ntawm kua dej ntws tom qab thaw thiab ua ntej Bud so, cov ntoo tsim SAP nyob rau hauv lub tsev ntawm ceg ceg los yog los ntawm txiav tawm nyob rau hauv lub pob tw - ib tug ntshiab kua, haum rau haus. Los ntawm ib tsob ntoo ib hnub twg tau 2-3 liv ntawm kua txiv.
Birch SAP nplua nuj nyob rau hauv cov vitamins ntawm pab pawg B. Cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog noj haus li ib tus neeg haus luam yeeb, los yog lawv npaj ntau yam dej qab ntsev raws li nws - haus cawv, kua qab, kvass.
Nrhiav kom paub thaum twg birch kua ntoo yog sau thiab pab tau.
Yog li, birch tsis yog ib qho xwb thiab zoo nkauj tsob ntoo, nws kuj yog tseem ceeb heev rau tib neeg. Tsis xav paub ntau yam kev ntseeg thiab kev ntseeg yog txuam nrog birch, thiab ntau haiv neeg sab qaum teb pe hawm nws ua ib tug vajtswv poj niam. Thiab niaj hnub no nws tseem coj cov neeg tau txais txiaj ntsig.
Yees duab: amazing facts txog birch
