Nplej yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom noj khoom loj ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Cov nyom no tau raug cultivated txij ancient zaug thiab tam sim no muab faib thoob ntiaj teb. Cov ntaub ntawv no thaij txog cov khoom lom ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav nplej, nrog rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm nws cov khoom.
Kev piav qhia
Qhov no qoob loo rau tsev neeg ntawm cereals thiab genus Nplej. Qhov no yog txhua xyoo herbaceous nroj tsuag, ncav ib thiab ib nrab meters hauv qhov siab. Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog ib lub pob ntseg uas ntev txog 15 cm. Grains txawv - nyob ntawm hom tsiaj, lawv yuav ua tau luv, elongated, ribbed, roundish, vitreous, mealy. Lawv muaj protein ntau (li 24%) thiab gluten (txog 40%).
Ntxiv rau lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav nplej, tsev neeg cov cereals tseem muaj xws li: lub caij ntuj no nplej, pobkws, barley, rye, millet thiab sorghum.
Nws ntseeg tau hais tias cov nplej cog qoob loo tau tshwm sim nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm niaj hnub niaj hnub no, nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm nws. Tam sim no nws yog cultivated nyob hauv cov teb chaws Europe, Middle East, Central thiab South Asia, Far East, nyob hauv ntau thaj chaw ntawm Africa, Qaum Teb thiab South America, Australia. 
Nta
Caij nplooj ntoos hlav nplej yog sown nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav, thaum lub caij ntuj sov lub caij ntuj sov nws muaj kev ua tiav ib qho kev voj voog loj hlob, thaum xaus rau lub caij ntuj sov los yog lub caij nplooj zeeg nws tau qes lawm. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, daim ntawv no ntawm cov nplej muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm nta uas txawv qhov txawv ntawm lub caij ntuj no daim ntawv:
- nws yog ib tus kheej-pollinating nroj tsuag;
- hauv paus system tsis heev tsim, caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntau yam xav tau ntau muab kev pab cuam thiab yog tsawg dua ntawm cov acidic xau;
- txawv qeeb txoj kev loj hlob;
- suffers los ntawm cov nroj tsuag ntau tshaj lub caij ntuj no;
- nws yog ib qho uas tsis zoo rau cov kabmob, uas muaj peevxwm ua rau cov kabmob ntev dhau lub sijhawm, thaum muag muag ntau dua qhov mob khaub thuas tshaj li tawv tawv;
- tiv taus drought, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyuaj; drought tsis kam nce siab nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm noo noo nyob rau hauv cov av;
- qhov zoo tshaj plaws kub rau ripening yog nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm + 22 ° S ... + 25 ° S;
- raws li muab piv rau lub caij ntuj no daim ntawv, nws yog xav paub ntau tshaj xav tau nyob rau ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov av, dub lub ntiaj teb thiab lub ntsej muag xau yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau nws;
- nws seedlings yog ntau yooj yim rau sab nraud lwm yam nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog rau lub caij ntuj no daim ntawv no - rau pests, cov kab mob, tsis txaus ntom, kom excessively sai ziab ntawm txheej txheej ntawm av;
- Leguminous cov qoob loo yog suav tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg ua ntej.
Rau cov hom kab nplej, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog taum, noob taum, nas ncuav, vetch, thiab lupins.
Hom
Tag nrho cov ntau ntau yam ntawm caij nplooj ntoos hlav hom qoob mog raug muab faib ua ob pawg - nyuaj thiab muag. Cov pawg no ho txawv ntawm txhua tus. Xav txog lawv cov nta. 
Khoom
Kev loj hlob ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav nplej, cov huab cua hauv av yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws, uas yog, nrog luv luv, tab sis kub thiab qhuav lub caij ntuj sov - cov no yog, piv txwv, thaj tsam xws li thaj av Orenburg, Altai los yog Northern Kazakhstan. Nyuaj ntau yam yog ntau nkag rau av droughts tshaj li soft ones, tab sis lawv zam atmospheric tej yam kev mob zoo dua.
Koj puas paub? Nyob rau hauv cov European Union, cov hom qoob mog yog cov khoom ua liaj ua teb tsuas yog los ntawm kev ua lag luam.
Lawv cov tawm los yog tsawg tshaj li tawm los ntawm ntau yam mos. Cov nplej ntses yog tshwj xeeb yog nplua nuj gluten thiab protein ntau. Hmoov nplej los ntawm tej lub qoob loo yog siv rau cov qoob loo, cov nplej zom zoo, ntxiv rau, nws tau xyaw rau hmoov nplej rau txhawm rau ua kom zoo dua. 
Caij nplooj ntoos hlav nyuaj ntau yam tshwm tso ntau. Xaiv ntawm ntau yam rau cog nyob ntawm lub zos climatic tej yam kev mob, los ntawm nws cov thawj ntawm, nws yuav xaiv tau rau ib qho kev ua liaj ua teb technology. Ntawm no yog qee hom ntau:
- "Kharkiv 39" - Nws yog yam iav siab (lub lis piam zoo li pob tshab, thiab nws lub pob zeb txhaws ntawm chiv iav), uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau cov neeg ua liaj ua teb thiab cov hmoov nplej zoo;
- "Orenburg 10" - ntau yam nruab nrab, tiv taus drought, tawg thiab chaw nyob;
- "Bezenchuksky Amber" - Lub caij nruab nrab high-yielding ntau yam resistant mus rau chaw nyob;
- Nashchadok - qhov ntau yam yog mid-lub caij, high-yielding, yoog rau intensive ua teb, withstands high koob ntawm pob zeb hauv av chiv tsis muaj iav txo, tab sis tib lub sij hawm nws yog demanding ntawm noo noo;
- "Bezenchukskaya steppe" - Mid-lub caij, drought-resistant, moderately resistant mus rau chaw so, high-quality pasta yog ua los ntawm hmoov.
Mos
Mos lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav nplej yog qhov zoo dua yuav tsum tau cog hauv cov cheeb tsam nrog cog ruaj khov, txij li nws tsis zam atmospheric drought. Nws yog tsawg dua ntawm cov av fertility thiab tsis tshua txog cov nroj.
Nws grain muaj gluten tsawg, cov hmoov sib sib zog nqus yog thinner thiab crumbly piv rau durum hom qoob mog hmoov. Tej yam xws li hmoov nplej yog siv rau kev txiav txim siab, thiab cov khoom noj khoom haus. Nyob rau hauv qhuav ntawm qhob cij nyob rau hauv hmoov los ntawm mos ntau yam feem ntau tov nrog hmoov los ntawm ntau yam ntau yam, pub kom lub khob cij sai sai thiab crumble. 
Ntau yam ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav mos mos muaj ntau npaum li cas, lawv tau yoog mus rau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov huab cua puag thiab xau. Ib txhia ntawm lawv muaj li hauv qab no:
- "Irgina" - thaum ntxov siav thiab high-yielding ntau yam siv nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam yav qab teb, tiv taus mus rau chaw nyob;
- "Prioksky" - thaum ntxov siav, qis heev, tab sis tsis zoo heev hloov tsheb drought thiab raug mob kab mob;
- "Lada" - thaum ntxov siav, high-yielding, resistant rau powdery mildew, txawm li ntawd los, nws yog nquag mus rau chaw nyob thiab tsis zam ntev heev;
- "Daria" - thaum ntxov ripe, high-yielding, tsis kam mus rau chaw pw thiab powdery mildew yog nruab nrab, tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nws yog feem ntau cuam tshuam los ntawm xim av xeb;
- "Dobrynya" - Lub caij nruab nrab, tiv taus qhov chaw, muaj mob me ntsis mus rau drought, zoo heev bakery zoo, tab sis susceptible to dusty thiab nyuaj smut, as Well as xim av xeb.
Loj hlob
Tus txheej txheem ntawm nce lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav hom qoob mog yog heev lub sij hawm siv. Cov cuab yeej ntawm nws cov cultivation muab rau nruj adherence rau tej yam kev cai, thiab raws li high school kev qhuab qhia.
Nws yuav pab tau kom paub txog yuav ua li cas cog, noj thiab sau lub caij ntuj no nplej.
Ua Ntej Tillage
Nws yog pom zoo kom kho cov av rau lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav hom qoob mog kom sai tom qab harvesting lub ntej. Cov txheej txheem yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv ob theem: Autumn (Autumn) thiab pre-sowing (caij nplooj ntoos hlav). Yog hais tias qhov ua ntej nroj tsuag yog perennial grasses, nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm lub caij ntuj no processing, cov av yog thawj zaug disked, thiab tom qab 14 hnub - plowing plowing.
Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lwm tus precursors, xws li lub caij ntuj no cov qoob loo thiab legumes, tillage tej zaum yuav zoo li qub, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam prone rau erosion, landless plowing yog hloov los ntawm ib tug tundish. 
Pre-sowing npaj pib nrog harrowing - qhov no tiv thaiv ntau evaporation ntawm av noo noo thiab pab txhawb rau ntawm huab cua ntawm cov av. Txoj kev no yog hu ua "noo noo". Tom qab ntawd nqa tawm cultivation ntawm cov av mus rau ib tug tob ntawm 10 cm
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Cov kev siv ntau txoj kev agrotechnical yog nyob ntawm cov neeg ua ntej, lub xeev ntawm cov av, muaj qhov chaw siab tshaj, kev kuaj pom los yog tsis muaj ib los sis lwm yam khoom siv ua liaj ua teb.
Sowing
Rau qhov no, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los npaj lub noob, lub sij hawm thiab qhov tob ntawm sowing, thiab zoo li txoj kev ntawm sowing. Cia peb xav txog cov khoom no hauv ntau yam. 
Noob npaj
Cov txheej txheem ntawm disinfection ntawm noob nrog kev pab los ntawm kev kho mob yog yuav tsum tau. Ua li no, siv cov tshuaj xws li "Vitavaks", "Fundazol." Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog yeej ntshaw kom sov lub noob ua ntej sowing. Qhov no yog ua tawm sab nrauv rau hnub ci rau 3-4 hnub los yog hauv lub tshuab ziab khaub ncaws nrog lub tshuab ua pa ntev ntev li 2-3 teev ntawm qhov kub txog + 50 ° C.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav dhau caij nplooj ntoos hlav tuaj yeem ua rau poob rau hauv nws cov qoob loo los ntawm tsawg kawg ib lub hlis.
Hnub cov hnub nyoog
Sowing sij hawm nyob ntawm qhov climatic nta ntawm cheeb tsam. Piv txwv, nyob rau sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub tuaj Siberia, qhov no yog kwv yees li 15-25, feem ntau cov cheeb tsam ntawm European Russia nws yog mid-rau-lig Lub Plaub Hlis. Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, caij nplooj ntoos hlav sowing pib sai li sai tau tom qab lub ripening ntawm cov av. 
Sowing qhov tob
Qhov ntsuas no nyob ntawm seb hom av. Rau lub teeb xau, qhov sowing qhov tob nruab nrab ntawm 6 cm, nyob rau hauv lub steppe nws yuav nce mus rau 9 cm, rau hnyav xau nws txo rau 3-4 cm.
Seeding txoj kev
Qhov xaiv ntawm sowing txoj kev nyob ntawm lub zos nta. Qhov nqaim-ntau hom yog qhov tshaj plaws, tab sis nws nce seeding tus nqi, tab sis kuj nce lub tawm los ntawm 2-3 centners ib hectare. Feem ntau siv cov kev coj ua zoo thiab cov kab xev. Tus ntoo khaub lig yog siv tsis tau vim siv zom cov hnub cog, cov roj ntau ntau thiab cov av ntau dhau ntawm cov av thaum nws siv.
Kev kho mob
Nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam arid, av dov yog xyaum tom qab sowing. Ua li no, siv cov thooj av ntawm ntau lub qauv uas zuaj qes thiab me ntsis qib ntawm qhov chaw. Thaum twg ib qho av ua kiav txhab raug tsim tom qab los nag, hnoos yog siv los rhuav tshem nws. 
Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev tu tsiaj qoob loo yog tswj kav, vim tias cov qoob loo ntawm cov qoob loo no tawm ntau vim yog lawv. Kev ua haujlwm loj tshaj yog ua tiav thaum qhov kev tawm tsam no yog siv los xyuas cov tsiaj txhu ntawm cov nroj tsuag, cov zauv, thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov huab cua hauv cheeb tsam.
Raws li cov xwm txheej no, cov tshuaj herbicide yuav siv tau ("Kev Hlis", "Roundup"), kev tiv thaiv cov nplej nyom thiab dioecious weeds ("Tus cwj pwm"), tiv thaiv kev noj haus txhua xyoo (2.4 D thiab 2M-4X), thiab lwm yam.
Thaum twg kab tsuag tshwm, tom qab lawv muaj ntau tshaj qhov teeb meem ntawm kev tsim txom, cov qoob loo raug kho nrog cov tshuaj tua kab. Ua li no, siv cov tshuaj xws li "Decis", "Decis-extra", "Sumi-alpha", thiab lwm yam. 
Rau caij nplooj ntoos hlav nplej cov kab mob phem tshaj plaws xws li septoriosis thiab ntsia hlau loj fusarium, lwm tus yuav tshwm sim. Lawv sib ntaus nrog fungicides - nws muaj peev xwm yuav, piv txwv li, Rex Duo, Carbezim los yog Tilt.
Qee zaum caij nplooj ntoos hlav nplej cog rau hauv dej. Feem ntau qhov no yog siv nyob rau hauv lub cultivation ntawm nyuaj ntau yam. Irrigation hom yog xaiv nyob ntawm huab cua thiab cov av zoo. Irrigation nyob rau hauv ua ke nrog qhov tseeb daim ntawv thov ntawm chiv tau significantly nce qoob loo yields.
Ua
Txij li thaum caij nplooj ntoos hlav wheat yog xav tau on av fertility, chiv yog dav siv nyob rau hauv nws cultivation. Siv feem ntau nitrogen ua ke nrog phosphorus-poov tshuaj chiv. Lawv tus naj npawb dav dav rau thaj chaw txawv - nws nyob ntawm seb cov av, ntau yam, kev nyab xeeb, cov neeg ua ntej.
Thaum loj hlob caij nplooj ntoos hlav, nitrogen chiv yog dav siv: ammonia dej, calcium nitrate, nitrophoska, nitroammofoska thiab "Azofoska".
Qhov nruab nrab, 35-45 kg ntawm nitrogen, 17-27 kg ntawm poov tshuaj, thiab 8-12 kg ntawm phosphorus yog consumed ib ton ntawm grain tawm los thiab ton ntawm straw. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov organic chiv tseem siv: chiv, compost, peat. Lawv tuaj nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos zeeg, thaum cov av raug kho nyob rau hauv lub Autumn. Nyob rau hauv tib lub sij hawm, ammonia cov ntaub ntawv ntawm nitrogen chiv yog qhia: ammonia dej, anhydrous ammonia, lwm yam zoo li 
Kab mob thiab kab tsuag
Raws li hais saum toj no, ntawm cov kab mob rau cov kab lis kev cai, septoria thiab fusarium ntawm lub pob ntseg yog feem ntau txaus ntshai. Nws yog tsawg dua mus rau powdery mildew, xim av thiab qia xeb, snow puab, paus rot. Muaj ntau hom phaj nyoos siv los tiv thaiv lawv (koj tuaj yeem nyeem txog lawv hauv seem "Kev Tu Mob").
Yuav kom tiv tau cov kab mob nplej, siv cov fungicides xws li Prozaro, Alto Super, Bravo, Folicur, Fitolavin, Albit, thiab Tilt.
Ntawm cov kab phem, cov kua zaub ua kom raug, cov qhob cij, cov paj ntoo, pov tseg, Swedish thiab Hessian flies, thiab lwm yam yuav ua rau cov kev puas tsuaj loj heev.
Cov neeg cog qoob cog paj yuav tsum tau kawm kom paub yuav ua li cas kom tshem tau cov thrips.
Tsim tau thiab tu
Tos ntsuas tau zoo heev ntawm cov huab cua puag, kev nyab xeeb, zoo av thiab noob khoom, hom qoob mog, ua tib zoo ua raws li agrotechnical txoj kev thoob plaws tag nrho cov voj voog ntawm cov qoob loo no.
Koj puas paub? Los ntawm thaj chaw ntawm cov qoob loo (kwv yees li 215 lab hectares) nplej muaj tseeb thawj qhov chaw nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, txog 90% ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov qoob loo yog cov mos muag. Cov thawj coj nyob rau hauv lub cultivation ntawm no kab lis kev cai yog Tuam Tshoj, India, Russia, Tebchaws USA thiab Fabkis.
Piv txwv, qhov nruab nrab tawm los ntawm ntau yam mos "Daria" yog 30-35 q / Ha, thiab qhov siab tshaj plaws - 72 q / Ha. Qhov nruab nrab tawm los ntawm hnyav nplej "Bezenchukskaya steppe" - 17-22 c / his, lub siab tshaj plaws ncav 38 c / his. 
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom pib ntxawm thaum lub caij nyoog, raws li cov qoob loo tshaj li ntawm 10-12 hnub txo cov tawm los thiab significantly txo qhov zoo ntawm grain. Thaum harvesting yuav siv tau raws li ib tug ncaj qha ua ke, thiab ib tug nyias muaj nyias txoj kev. Tus essence ntawm tus nyias muaj nyias txoj kev yog hais tias lub reapers mow lub qia, thiab lub hom qoob mog yog sau rau hauv qaws.
Nyob rau hauv qaws, nws dries tawm thiab paub tab rau ob peb hnub, ces qaws raug muab tshem tawm los ntawm ib tug ua ke. Yog hais tias huab cua tsis ruaj khov, siv kev sib txuas lus ncaj nraim - nrog rau hom no, qhov poob ntawm kev lis yog txo, tab sis nws cov av muaj zog tuaj. 
Tom qab khaws cov lis yog ua tiav rau tam sim no: tu thiab ziab. Rau lub hom phiaj no, siv ntau hom kev tu vaj tse thiab khoom ziab kom qhuav. Qee zaum, ziab tsis yog yuav tsum tau, ces tsuas yog siv cov khoom nplej dawb.
Summing li, nws muaj peev xwm yuav sau tseg hais tias cultivation ntawm caij nplooj ntoos hlav hom qoob mog yuav tsum tau yuam kev ua raws li kev ua lag luam technology. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov no kab lis kev cai yog nkag siab cov av zoo thiab huab cua. Yog tias tag nrho cov teeb meem no tshwm sim rau hauv koj tus account thiab huab cua zoo siab, koj tuaj yeem suav tau rau ib qho kev ua tau zoo.
