Tam sim no designs los ntawm cov ntawv tho-thinned-tawm (kev flooring) yog dav siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho. Cov khoom siv no tau txais lub koob npe nrov vim kev yooj yim ntawm installation thiab kev ua tau zoo. Ib qho ntawm nws daim ntawv thov yog tsim ntawm lub laj kab. Nws muaj peev xwm heev ntawm nws tus kheej ua ib qho ntawm cov laj kab ntawm lub laj kab, uas yog lub qhov rooj, uas yuav muab los tham hauv daim ntawv no.
Qhov zoo ntawm cov rooj vag kev ua kom zoo nkauj
Qhov zoo ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm cov txheej txheem uas muaj profiled yog vim qhov zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv xwb, uas yog:
- lawv tuaj yeem kho txhua yam khoom zoo;
- nrog lub zog siab, lawv muaj kev pom tseeb;
- Cov khoom muaj pes tsawg leeg uas muaj hlau nrog polymer txheej tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv corrosion, uas kom lawv lub neej ntev kev ua haujlwm;
- muaj ntau hom xim muaj;
- cov khoom muaj kev pom zoo;
- zoo rau qhov nyiaj.
Koj puas paub? Nws ntseeg hais tias tus neeg muag khoom ntawm cov ntawv sau yog cov npe ntawm British engineer Henry Robinson Palmer. Lub tswv yim coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv 20s ntawm XIX caug xyoo.
Decking
Muaj ntau hom khoom siv no. Tej zaum lawv yuav txawv cov hauv qab no:
- los ntawm hom tshuaj corrugation - trapezoid lossis wavy;
- qhov siab ntawm qhov corrugations;
- lub thickness ntawm cov khoom (0.3 ... .1 mm);
- los ntawm hom kev tiv thaiv - cov ntawv hlau yuav coated nrog zinc lossis alumino-zinc, polymer txheej kuj txawv (plastisol, polyester, thiab lwm yam);
- qhov dav ntawm qhov profile;
- qhov dav ntawm daim ntawv.
Peb qhia koj kom paub txog yuav ua li cas ua kom lub laj kab ntawm nws tus kheej ntawm qhov kev sib txuas ntawm cov hlua txuas, kab sib tsoo, gabions, thiab yuav ua li cas ua kom kev cib thiab cov ntse ntse.
Lub zinc txheej yog ib qho pheej yig dua, thiab zinc alumina zoo dua nyob rau hauv kev txhoj puab heev, xws li hiav txwv cua lossis tsheb tsheb. Zinc thiab txhuas yog ib feem ntawm alyumotsinka, silicon yog siv los ua ib khi. 
Raws li rau cov coatings polymer, Plastizol organic polymer muab lub zog muaj zog, zoo tiv thaiv khawb. Txawm li cas los, nws thiaj li poob nws cov xim, collapses nyob rau hauv tus ntawm ultraviolet hluav taws xob thiab tej zaum yuav raug kev txom nyem los ntawm Sudden kev hloov hauv kub.
Nws yuav pab tau rau koj nyeem txog cov ntaub ntawv dab tsi rau lub laj kab, thiab cov twg yog cov zoo dua.
Ntau ntau heev yog polyester txheej, uas yog dawb los ntawm tag nrho cov tsis zoo. Polymer PVDF (polydifluorionad), ntxiv rau kev tiv thaiv cov ntawv txhawm rau corrosion kuj, retains nws cov xim zoo dua lwm cov ntaub ntawv.
Koj puas paub? Lub rooj vag tshaj plaws hauv lub ntiaj teb yog lub qhov rooj ntawm lub tsev ntawm lub ntsug ua ke ntawm cov foob pob, uas nyob rau hauv qhov chaw rau lawv. Kennedy NASA. Lawv qhov siab yog 139 meters. Nws yuav siv 45 feeb los qhib lawv.
Profile qhab nia raug cim raws li nram no:
- "C" - cov phab ntsa, feem ntau muaj zog dua lwm hom, tab sis lub teeb thiab pheej yig;
- "NS" - cov khoom siv kom ruaj khov;
- "H" - hnyav bearing profiled siab zog, unsuitable rau lub qhov rooj;
- "MP" - universal profiled, feem ntau siv rau vov tsev thiab kho kom zoo nkauj.
Xav txog qee hom npe ntawm cov ntawv sau qhia ntxiv:
- C8 profile muaj ib cov tshuaj corrugated. Nws yog tsawg ruaj nrog piv rau lwm hom, tab sis pheej yig. Lub thickness yuav yog los ntawm 0.5 mus 0.7 hli, tag nrho dav ntawm daim ntawv yog 1.2 m, qhov ntev nws txawv ntawm 0.5 mus rau 12 m, qhov profile qhov siab yog 8 hli.
- C10 profile muaj tus kab mob trapezoid. Nws kuj tsis muaj lub zog. Nws cov tuab yog 0.4 ... 0.8 hli, tag nrho dav - 1.15 m, ntev - los ntawm 0.5 mus rau 12 m, profile qhov siab 10 mm.
- C18 profile tej zaum yuav yog ob hom: ribbed thiab laim ntoom. Nyob rau tom kawg rooj plaub, nws yog sau ua C18 (yoj). Nws cov tuab yog 0.4 ... 0.8 hli, dav dav ntawm daim ntawv yog 1.023 m, qhov ntev nws txawv ntawm 0.5 mus rau 12 m, qhov profile qhov siab yog 18 hli.
- Profile C21 yog ribbed trapezoidal duab. Lub npe no muaj zog dua li cov tau piav saum toj no. Thickness yog 0.4 ... 0.8 hli, dav dav ntawm daim ntawv yog 1.051 m, ntev 0.5 ... 12 m, qhov siab - 21 hli.
Peb pom zoo kom nyeem txog yuav ua li cas tsim kom muaj ib daim ntawv cog lus rau lub hauv paus ntawm lub laj kab.
- Profile C44 Nws muaj trapezoid corrugation thiab yog characterized los ntawm kev nce rigidity thiab lub peev xwm los hnyav ntau loads. Profile thickness - 0.5 ... 0.9 hli, tag nrho dav - 1.047 m, ntev - 0.5 ... 13.5 m, qhov siab - 44 hli.
- HC35 profile trapezoid, tab sis nrog rau ntau cov npoo. Nws yog ib qho tshwj xeeb ruaj khov. Nws cov tuab yog 0.5 ... 0.9 hli, dav dav ntawm daim ntawv yog 1.06 m, qhov ntev ntev ntawm 0.5 mus rau 12 m, qhov profile qhov siab yog 35 hli.
Cov ntaub ntawv
Rau lub chaw ua khoom ntawm lub qhov rooj yuav xav tau cov ntaub ntawv li hauv qab no:
- ib qho kev ua flooring (raws li txoj cai, tib lub npe ntawm qhov laj kab ua yog muab);
- square tube rau kev them nyiaj yug, feem ntau yog siv 80 x 80 hli nrog ib lub phab ntsa ntawm 3 hli los yog 100 x 100 hli nrog ib phab ntsa ntawm 4 hli;
- rectangular tube rau thav duab, siv 40 x 20 hli los yog 60 x 40 hli;
- rau cov txuas hniav, koj tuaj yeem siv tib lub yeeb nkab rau ntawm tus ncej, los yog koj tuaj yeem coj me dua, piv txwv, 20 x 20 hli;
- ces kaum (yog tias tsim nyog);
- screws los yog rivets;
- xis mas;
- xim thiab primer.
Hom ntawm rooj vag
Muaj ntau ntau hom kev tsim rooj: qhov viav vias, zawv zawg, khawb, chaw nres tsheb, viav vias. Qhov feem ntau rov txaum thiab ua viav vias, cov qauv no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Qhia lawv txog ntau yam.
Recoiling
Qhov no ntawm lub qhov rooj muaj ib nplooj, uas tsis ua viav vias, tab sis tsiv mus rau sab. Yog li, lub ib ncig ntawm lub monastery yog rationally siv. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov no ntawm lub qhov rooj tuaj yeem ua tau dav heev, mus txog ntawm ib qhov dav ntawm 12 meters, uas sib sau mus rau qhov ntev ntawm ib daim ntawv teev cov txheej txheem.
Lwm qhov zoo dua yog qhov yooj yim ntawm kev khiav hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no, vim hais tias nyob rau lub sij hawm no ntawm lub xyoo nws tsis yog yuav tsum tau mus tshem qhov daus cia li qhib tau lub qhov rooj. 
Ntawm cov kev tsis txaus siab tuaj yeem sau tseg cov qauv tsim, qhov xav tau yuav khoom tshwj xeeb rau lub rooj sib txoos ntawm cov rooj vag, thiab thaum kawg tus nqi tsim kho ntawm hom no.
Tej zaum koj yuav xav nyeem txog yuav ua li cas ua kom lub ru tsev thiab lub ris khawm, yuav ua li cas thiaj ua rau lub ru tsev mansard, yuav ua li cas los npog lub ru tsev nrog ondulin thiab cov hlau phaj, yuav ua li cas rau nruab ib lub visor ntawm lawj, yuav ua li cas ua ib txoj kev hauv tsev, thiab yuav ua li cas sov so hauv tsev.
Viav
Hom lub rooj vag no muaj ob lub qhov rooj uas qhib vov qhib rau sab nraum lossis sab hauv lub tshav puam. Lawv yog cov yooj yim ntawm kev tsim thiab tsim nqi. Qhov tsis zoo yog qhov yuav tsum tau qhib qhov qhib, nrog rau kom tshem tawm thaj tsam ntawm lub qhov rooj ntawm cov daus ntawm lub caij ntuj no thiaj li yuav qhib tau lawv. 
Lub rooj sib txoos ntawm rooj sib dhos sib dhos
Rau qhov kev siv ntawm cov rooj vag xws li no yuav tsum tau kev pab ntawm tsawg kawg ib leeg. Ntxiv rau cov ntaub ntawv saum toj no, koj yuav tsum tau:
- taw qhia kev tsheb ciav hlau, nws ntev yog 1.6 qhov dav ntawm qhov qhib;
- ob tug menyuam cov kabmob uas muaj kev txhawb nqa;
- ob lub ntxiab los tiv thaiv kom tus rocking ntawm tus qauv;
- knurling rau cov menyuam, txo cov suab thaum qhib / kaw lub qhov rooj;
- channel 20 cm dav thiab fittings 10-14 mm rau lub hauv paus.
Rooj vag siv thiab cov cuab yeej
Thaum kos duab ib daim duab, cov qauv tsim tsis yog xam raws li cov cai hauv qab no:
- qhov dav ntawm lub qhov rooj vaj huam sib luag nrog qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov sib npaug yog qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov dav ntawm qhov qhib ntau dua los ntawm 1.6;
- qhov dav ntawm qhov counterweight yog sib npaug zos rau qhov dav ntawm qhov qhib multiplied los ntawm 0.5;
- qhov dav ntawm lub vaj huam sib luag yog sib npaug zos rau qhov dav ntawm qhov qhib ntxiv ob zaug qhov dav ntawm txoj kev txhawb nqa;
- Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm lub qhov rooj loj tshaj qhov siab ntawm lub laj kab los ntawm 10 cm, tab sis yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 2 meters.
Raws li qhov tau qhov ntev ntawm lub vaj huam sib luag thav duab thiab cov counterweight, qhov ntev ntawm lub jumpers yog xam. Tag nrho cov nqi ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov qhib, vaj huam sib luag, counterweight, lintels thiab qhov rooj siab tau tshwm nyob rau hauv daim duab.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Qhov dav ntawm qhov qhib yog txiav txim siab rau lub hauv paus ntawm qhov ntev ntawm lub tsheb uas yuav dhau los ntawm lub qhov rooj, thiab qhov teeb tsa ntawm kev sib hais haum. Yog li, yog hais tias txoj kev uas ze lub qhov rooj nqaim yog nqaim, ces nws yog ntshaw kom qhib dav dav.
Los ntawm cov cuab yeej koj xav tau:
- txiab rau hlau;
- fais fab tuag;
- Bulgarian;
- vuam tshuab;
- bayonet spade (yuav tsum tau ntxiv nrog rau ib lub vaj zaub ntoo ntawm lub cev tsis tsim nyog, nws yog qhov yooj yim dua rau lawv ua ib lub qhov rau cov kev txhawb zog);
- theem;
- roulette log
Bookmark lub ncej
Nws pom zoo kom siv cov kav hlau kav hlau ua ib qho kev pab txhawb nqa, tab sis lwm cov ntsiab lus kuj siv tau: channel tuav, pob zeb txhua, ntoo qhib.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Yog hais tias qhov tob ntawm qhov aub tsiv hauv qhov kev txhawb nqa tsis tshaj qhov tob ntawm khov ntawm cov av, nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav qhov kev txhawb nqa yuav raug thawb tawm hauv av, thiab nws yuav vau.Yees duab: npe cim npe Txhawm rau nruab sab kev txhawb nqa, koj yuav tsum ua cov kauj ruam nram qab no:
- Khawb ib lub qhov, qhov tob ntawm uas tshaj qhov tob ntawm av khov (rau central Russia, cov av muaj peev xwm khov los ntawm 1.0 ... 1.2 m).
- Hauv qab ntawm lub qhov tsoo yog sau nrog ib tug sib tov ntawm xuab zeb thiab rubble, ib txheej ntawm backfill 15 ... 30 cm.
- Nruab cov nyiaj yug npaj.
- Yuav kom yooj yim rau kev txhawb nqa, tswj kev ncaj qha ntsug ntawm kev them nyiaj yug nrog kev pab ntawm ib theem, lub sij hawm ntawm hardening ntawm qhob yog tsawg kawg peb hnub.
Foundation tso
Txhawm rau tsim lub hauv paus rau cov menyuam thiab cov phom coj qhia, koj yuav tsum ua cov yeeb yam nram no:
- Khawb ib tug U-puab aub tsiv. Qhov ntev ntawm lub qhov sib npaug coincides nrog lub qhov cub ntawm qhov sib npaug, qhov dav nrog lub dav ntawm cov channel, qhov tob ntawm "crossbar" yog 50 cm, qhov tob ntawm "ob txhais ceg" yog 170 cm (hauv qab ntawm qhov tob ntawm av khov), qhov dav ntawm txhais ceg yog 40 cm (qhov tob tsis teev ). Lub qab ntawm aub tsiv yog them nrog xuab zeb, qhov siab ntawm cov xuab zeb hauv ncoo yog 10 cm.
- Txiav cov channel hauv qab qhov ntev ntawm qhov dej.
- Txiav rebar thiab weld rau cov channel hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ceg. Ntxiv zog rau cov "ceg" los ntawm kev siv qhov cuab lub zog.
- Kev tsim kho ntawm cov dej thiab qhov cuab lub zog yuav raug txo qis rau hauv lub qhov dej, cov channel yuav tsum muaj dej ntws nrog.
- Ib qho tsoo pob zeb ua ke, lub hauv paus pib txog ib lub lim tiam.
Xav paub ntau ntxiv txog kev txhim kho lub tshuab rhaub dej kub, dej khov, cua txias, yuav ua li cas los ua dej hauv lub qhov chaw, yuav ua li cas kom tshem tau cov dej hauv qab daus, yuav ua li cas thiaj tsim hluav taws xob rau lub tsev, thiab yuav ua li cas yuav ua rau lub qhov cub thiab Dutch burgundy lub qhov cub.
Kev txiav txim siab
Cov txheej txheem rau kev txiav txim siab yog raws li nram no:
- Raws li daim duab, lub pob ciav txiav lub kav dej, cov pob qij txha ntawm lwm cov khoom sab nraud yog txiav ntawm ib lub kaum ntawm 45˚.
- Qhov kev txiav cov ntsiab lus yog ntxuav, primed thiab tab xim.
- Welded txheej ncej.
- Cov thaij sab hauv nrog jumpers yog welded, yuav tsum tsis txhob yog ib qho chaw seam, cov kav dej ntawm tus ncej sab hauv tsuas yog siv cov npoo luv luv nrog ib nrab ntawm ib nrab centimeter.
- Tus nqaj hlau npuas yog bolted mus rau hauv qab ntawm lub qhov rooj.
Kev txhim kho ntawm tus ncej thiab cov ntaub pua plag
Txhawm rau nruab thiab thuam nws nrog ib qho kev ua flooring, koj yuav tsum ua cov kauj ruam nram qab no:
- Txhim rau cov menyuam cov kabmob ntawm lub hauv paus (channel), lawv yuav tsum tau sib cais mus rau qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm ib leeg. Cov kev txhawb zog tsis tuaj yeem ncaj qha mus rau lub hauv paus, lawv tau muab tso rau ntawm txoj kev kho.
- Muab lub qhov rooj nplooj rau ntawm cov menyuam bearings thiab kos rau theem ntawm distortions.
- Thaum tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov tub ntxhais uas muaj kev sib tw thaum kawg.
- Los ntawm ob sab ntawm lub nkoj, nruab ib lub hau.
- Los ntawm cov lus sib tw rau nruab rau qhov kawg (kev them nyiaj yug).
- Nres cuab (sab sauv thiab qis dua).
- Xyuas cov kev ua tau zoo ntawm tus qauv.
- Ncej sheathing profiled, raws li lub khawm siv screws los yog rivets (trim tau ua ntej ua ntej txhawm rau).
Fittings installation
Cov ntsiab lus ntxiv ua raws li cov khoom siv: qhov khawm ntawm qhov rooj ntaub, lub koob thaij duab, lub tswb nruab, teeb pom kev zoo, thiab lwm yam. Txhua yam no yuav muab teem rau tom qab lub rooj sib tham ntawm lub rooj vag.
Sib dhos ua ke thiab kev tsim cov viav vias
Txoj kev tsim cov viav vias yog ib qho yooj yim dua li cov rooj vag zawv zawg, ntsig txog, thiab kev sib txoos ua ke kuj yooj yim. Xav txog cov txheej txheem no kom meej meej. Los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas tsis yog hauv cov "Cov Khoom" nyob rau hauv, koj yuav tsum tau hinges, cov ntoo qhov rooj, qhov thaiv los yog lub xauv.
Teeb duab thiab cov cuab yeej
Rau ntawm daim duab ntawm lub viav vias, qhov dav thiab qhov siab ntawm lub shutters, tus qauv ntawm tus ncej thiab qhov ntev ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus, qhov chaw ntawm lub loops installation, qhov ntev ntawm cov khoom txhawb nqa yuav tsum tau muab tso tawm. 
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev txiav txim siab, nqa mus rau hauv cov nyiaj hauv zos, qhov chaw uas lub qhov rooj yuav viav qhib - tawm los yog hauv. Qab, nruab nrab ntawm hauv av thiab qis ntug ntawm nplooj ntawv, ib tug sib txawv (15-30 cm) yuav tsum tau muab rau lub qhov rooj mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no.
Los ntawm cov cuab yeej koj xav tau cov no:
- txiab rau hlau;
- fais fab tuag;
- Bulgarian;
- vuam tshuab;
- ncav (muaj peev xwm hloov tau nrog ib lub vaj teb ntoo ntawm ib txoj kab uas tsis haum);
- theem;
- roulette log
Peb qhia koj kom paub nyeem seb yuav ua li cas thiaj tsim tau lub qab nthab, yuav ua li cas los ua kom lub qhov rooj sov, yuav ua li cas tshem cov xim ntawm cov phab ntsa, ua li cas ntawm lub qab nthab, yuav ua li cas yuav nplaum lub phab ntsa, yuav ua li cas sheathe lub phab ntsa nrog plasterboard, thiab yuav ua li cas kom zoo rau lub qab nthab.
Txiav txim seb qhov loj li cas
Raws li txoj cai, qhov dav ntawm qhov qhib yog txiav txim siab raws li lub dav ntawm koj lub tsheb, thiab lwm lub meter ntxiv rau qhov nqi no. Sash yuav tsum thaiv tag nrho cov lus qhib, raws li qhov no, lawv qhov me me yog txiav txim siab.
Feem ntau qhov dav ntawm qhov qhib yog 4.5-5 meters. Yog hais tias txoj kev nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub tsev yog dhau nqaim, nws yog tsim nyog ua qhov qhib dav, qhov no yuav ua rau kom tuaj txog thiab tawm ntawm lub tsheb. Qhov siab ntawm lub li qub feem ntau yog 2-2.5 meters.
Ncej
Ua kom muaj tus ncej, cov hauv qab no tiav:
- Raws li cov duab, cov yeeb nkab plhu yog txiav. Cov pob qij txha ntawm cov ntsiab lus sab nraud tau raug pom zoo kom muab txiav ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm 45˚.
- Cov khoom siv yuav tsum tau muab ntxuav tawm ntawm xeb.
- Cov thav duab yog welded thiab jumpers yog welded (transverse los yog kab pheeb ces kaum, nyob ntawm tus xaiv kev tsim kho).
- Welds yog ntxuav, tus qauv yog primed thiab pleev xim rau.
Kev txhim kho ntawm tug ncej
Raws li cov kev txhawb nqa feem ntau yuav siv txoj hlua hauv qhov square los yog cov channel tuav. Txhawm rau nruab sab kev txhawb nqa, koj yuav tsum tau ua ntau yam, xws li:
- Khawb (los yog laum ib qhov) qhov qhov, qhov tob ntawm uas tshaj qhov tob ntawm av khov.
- Lub qab ntawm aub tsiv yog sau nrog ib tug sib tov ntawm xuab zeb thiab rubble, lub tuab ntawm txhaws yog 15-30 cm.
- Nruab cov nyiaj yug npaj.
- Qhib kev txhawb nqa, tswj nws txoj haujlwm ntsug nruj nruj nrog kev pab ntawm theem. Lub sijhawm hardening lub pob zeb yog kwv yees li peb hnub.
Qhov chaw qeeb
Rau cov viav viav vias siv qhov chaw nres tsheb hinges. Cov txheej txheem rau kev txhim kho lawv yog raws li nram no:
- Ua ntej, lub loops yog welded mus rau txhawb ncej, ces mus rau sab sab ntawm lub thav duab. Yog hais tias lub flaps loj loj thiab hnyav, koj yuav xav tau peb lub loops ib nrov plig plawg, nyob rau hauv cov khaub ncaws zoo li them lawv ob loops. Qhov no yog ntawm lub voj, uas nrog tus pin, yog welded mus rau kev them nyiaj yug.
- Tom qab welding lub pob tw ntawm cov kev txhawb nqa, lawv dai cov hlua thiab nqa tawm ib qho kev ntsuam xyuas tsim.
- Yog tias qhov kev ntsuam xyuas tau zoo, qhov chaw ntxuav tes raug muab ntxuav, tag nrho hauv av thiab pleev xim.
Kev txhim kho ntawm ib cov ntaub pua plag
Cov ntawv sau ua ke nrog rau tus ncej nrog screws los yog rivets, thiab cov ntawv txheeb yuav tsum tau tsau ob leeg rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm txheej contour ntawm tus ncej thiab mus rau jumpers. 
Fasteners yuav ua tau pleev xim rau kom haum cov xim ntawm lub qhov rooj. Yog tias xav tau, koj tuaj yeem kaw nws lub taub hau ntawm ob sab. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm lub installation yuav tsum tau ua txiav rau hauv nplooj ntawv nyob rau hauv lub Loop.
Fittings installation
Tom qab lub qhov rooj nkag, cov fittings yuav ntsia. Cov no yog, raws li txoj cai, qhov qis qis tshaj ntawm cov qub, cem quav, xauv (hinged, overhead, mortise). Tsis tas li ntawd, koj tuaj yeem tsim teeb pom kev, lub koob thaij duab, alarms, thiab ib qho uas tshem tau ntawm lub qub qub, uas yuav tsum vov lub qhov rooj nqhis ntawm lub qhov rooj rau lub sijhawm tsis muaj daus.
Raws li koj tau pom, lub installation ntawm lub qhov rooj ntawm corrugated on nws tus kheej - kuj yog ib qho tseeb tshwm sim. Ntawm chav kawm, kev teeb tsa cov rooj vag zawv zawg yuav yog ib qho ua haujlwm rau ib tus neeg uas muaj kev paub txaus los ntawm kev tsim kho, tab sis cov viav vias yog yooj yim heev hauv kev tsim thiab tsim tshuab. Kev txhim kho viav vab yog feem ntau tsis yog qhov nyuaj, tab txawm rau cov neeg tshiab.
Kev txheeb xyuas los ntawm lub network
