Ib qho yuav tsum ua ntej rau kev tsim kho ntawm lub laj kab yog kev tsim kho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Cov qauv tsim yuav tsum ua kom ruaj, tiv thaiv tau cov pob tw thiab deformations, tiv thaiv qhov loj ntawm lub hauv paus.
Tom qab saib xyuas cov nta, cov cai thiab cov pitfalls ntawm cov ntaub ntawv installation, koj tuaj yeem ruaj ntseg mus rau nws cov khoom siv koj tus kheej.
Cov ntaub ntawv xav tau
Tus yuam sij rau kev ua haujlwm zoo, ruaj ntseg thiab ruaj khov yog cov ntaub ntawv. Lub nplua nuj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv cov khw muag khoom muaj peev xwm nthuav dav hlau rau nws cov khoom siv.
Rau qhov tsim kom haum:
- Hlau - universal, tab sis tib lub sij hawm lub feem ntau kim daim ntawv ntawm formwork, nyob rau hauv uas nplooj ntawv ntawm muaj zog hlau nrog ib tug tuab ntawm 1-2 hli yog siv. Qhia tshwj xeeb los ntawm hom kev yooj yim ntawm installation, durability, yooj yim ntawm processing. Ib qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb yog qhov siab, piv nrog lwm hom.
- Siv pob zeb ua tiav - Cov ntaub ntawv ua ke yog los ntawm kev siv pob zeb sib tshuam pob zeb. Nyob ntawm seb qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov lauj kaub tais diav thaum muab lub hauv paus, nws yuav ua tau kom txo tau cov pob zeb ua kua, tab sis tib lub sij hawm tswj lub zog ua haujlwm ntawm tus qauv. Rho tawm - loj qhov loj ntawm daim hlau, uas tsim kev koom tes ntawm cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb.
- Styrofoam - cov khoom zoo, cov khoom ua kom zoo thiab cov khoom siv. Tus qauv tsim los ntawm cov npaj txhij ua los ua ke uas yooj yim heev rau nruab thiab txheej txheem. Qhov tsis zoo yog qhov nyuaj ntawm kev xaiv ntawm ib co ntsiab lus, piv txwv li, cov ces kaum, rounding, thiab lwm yam.
- Tsob Ntoo - qhov kev xaiv nrov tshaj plaws. Feem ntau rau kev tsim kho cov ntaub ntawv siv phaj los yog cov laug cam. Lawv yooj yim rau nruab, pheej yig, tsis tas yuav siv cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb los yog cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb. Lub ntsiab tseem ceeb yog qhov yuav tsum tau txhim kho ntxiv cov cuab yeej txhawb zog rau qee zaum.
- Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj - Cov ntawv txheeb, cov ntawv txheeb, steel nplooj ntawv. Hom ntawv no yog pheej yig heev, tso cai rau koj tsim ib qho qauv tsim yam tsis muaj khoob, khoob khawm. Ntawm cov minuses yuav distinguished complexity nyob rau hauv lub rooj sib txoos, qis ntsuas ntawm kev muaj peev xwm, qhov xav tau ntxiv struts. Qhov kev xaiv no yuav yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau cov tsev me me.
Formwork Hom
Muaj ntau ntau hom qauv siv hauv kev tsim ua kev lag luam, raws li kev ruaj khov thiab ruaj khov rau cov pob zeb siv, cov cuab yeej siv zog ua ke.
Kawm li cas ua kom lub laj kab nws tus kheej tawm ntawm qhov sib txuas ntawm txoj saw-txuas, los ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas, khoov cov ntoo.
Ntsug
Ntsug hom formwork yog siv rau kev tsim kho ntawm nyias, tab sis theej muaj zog phab ntsa, unconventional configuration, kab, ib co inclined bases. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub load yog muab faib rau sab, vertically.
Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov verticals muaj cov ntsiab lus nram qab no: cov voj voos thiab cov ntaub thaiv, cov hlua khi, cov tuav ntaub thaiv thiab ntau yam ceev nrooj, nrog rau cov xauv. 
Kab rov tav
Kab rov tav tsim siv rau kev tsim kho ntawm cov av floor slabs. Cov kab rov tav muaj ib txoj kev hnyav heev thiab yog muaj zog nrog cov hlau phom.
Hom kev siv no rau ntawm qhov chaw uas tus thauj khoom muab faib tawm saum toj mus rau hauv qab. Lub hauv paus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yog yooj yim, rau kev txhim kho nws yuav tsum tau: kev txhawb zog, kev sib tw, cov ntawv phom sij rau kev txhim kho kab kos, kab teeb, thiab cov ntaub ntawv rau cov pob zeb txuas. 
Oblique
Cov ntaub ntawv los yog cov qauv siv los siv hauv kev tsim cov qauv tsim, tshwj xeeb, cov qauv tsis ua qauv ntawm cov khoom siv ua vaj tse.
Koj puas paub? Muaj kuj yog ib daim ntawv ua tiav, uas yog ib qho kev tsim kho nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib phab ntsa. Thaum lub sij hawm nws cov khoom tsim los ua ke ntawm pawg los yog cov nplais rau hauv ib qho qauv. Tom qab pouring pob zeb thiab ntxiv insulating cov ntaub ntawv, ib phab ntsa monolithic yog tsim.
Yuav tsum tau ua
Txawm tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv twg los siv rau kev tsim cov qauv hauv daim ntawv no, nws yuav tsum ua raws li qee yam hauv kev cai:
- kev ruaj ntseg ntawm kev ruaj ntseg: cov qauv yuav tsum tau ua kom cov nroj tsuag loj loj, ua kom tsis muaj zog, deformation, ruaj ruaj, ruaj khov, tsis muaj zog, khaws thawj daim qauv;
- simplicity: cov khoom yuav tsum yooj yim rau assemble thiab manufacture, yog hais tias tsim nyog, sai dismantled thiab thauj;
- Ceev: qhov siv ua yuav siv rau hauv tus account qhov ceev ntawm cov formwork, nplua thiab meej haum ntawm daim boards rau ib leeg, tsis muaj khoob thiab khoob ntawm pob qij txha. Nws yuav tsum muaj ib qho chaw uas zoo kawg nkaus uas muaj ib sab npuab sab nraud rau pob zeb ua ke;
- cov qauv kawm: nws yog ntshaw kom txhua tus neeg muaj ib daim qauv thiab siv tau dua;
- yooj yim disassembly: daim ntawv yuav tsum yooj yim disassembled, dismantled yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj rau lub meej mom ntawm nws cov ntsiab sau;
- qhov ntev: qhov ntev ntawm cov khoom ntiag tug yuav tsum ua raws nraim li cov qauv tsim ntawm lub pob zeb los yog cov cuab tam siv;
- fasteners: cov formwork yuav tsum tau muab sib dhos thiab sib sau ua ke uas siv tsawg tus nails. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws kev xaiv yuav tsum hloov lawv nrog clamping wedge boards.
Thaum twg yuav tsum ntxuav daim formwork
Lub ntsiab tseem ceeb uas taw qhia hauv kev txiav txim rau lub sij hawm rau kev tshem tawm ntawm cov ntawv ua haujlwm yog qhov kub thiab qhob qib siab. Nws yog nyob rau ntawm ambient kub nyob ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm solidification ntawm casting.
Nws yog noteworthy tias tus nqi ntawm poured qhob tov tsis cuam tshuam nws lub zog. Li no, nyob rau hauv vaj huam sib luag mob, lub ripening ntawm ib tug loj phaj thiab ib tug me me block yuav muab qhov chaw nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev.
Nws kuj tseem yuav pab tau koj kom kawm tau cov lus qhia txog lub tsev rau nws tus kheej, yuav ua li cas thiaj ua tau ib qho polycarbonate gazebo, ua-nws-kheej aub, ib pob zeb grill.
Nws yog ib qho ua tau kom qhia meej meej thaum twg los ntxuav cov formwork, noj nyiaj rau hauv cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, tsuas yog tom qab kuaj cov kev kuaj tshwj xeeb.
Txawm li cas los xij, rau qhov tsim nyog ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom, cov rooj ntxhua tshwj xeeb tau tsim rau kev vam khom rau qhov sov thiab lub sijhawm, thaum txoj kev sib faib ntawm cov qauv yuav ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm ob qho tib si ntawm cov txheej txheem hauv tshuaj, thiab rau kev ntsuas ntawm geometry: 
| Khoom siv zog | ||||
| Huab cua kub | 15% | 30% | 50% | Nres lub sijhawm, hnub |
| +35 | 1 | 1,5 | 2 | 2 |
| +30 | 1 | 1,5 | 2 | 2,5 |
| +25 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 |
| +20 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| +15 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 |
| +10 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 7 |
| +5 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 10 |
| +1 | 5 | 8 | 12 | 15 |
Tom qab 9-28 hnub tom qab thawb, dua, nyob ntawm qhov kub, pob zeb yuav nce 98% lub zog, thiab seem ntxiv 2% yuav nce thoob plaws hauv lub neej ntawm tus qauv.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Kev tshem tawm ntxov ntawm tus qauv tuaj yeem ua rau tsis zoo xws li: mechanical puas tsuaj rau puag; ntse dehydration vim yog nce nyob rau hauv thaj chaw evaporation; txo nyob rau hauv hydration (evaporation ntawm noo noo), vim uas cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsis muaj peev xwm nce lub zog txaus.
Kauj ruam los ntawm Cov Lus Qhia Ua
Formwork rau lub hauv paus rau lub laj kab yog ua nyob rau hauv ob peb yam yooj yim cov kauj ruam.
Kev npaj rau koj qhov chaw, koj yuav xav paub yuav ua li cas ua kom zoo nkauj dej tsaws tsag, vaj viav vias, ciav cij, ua rau txiv hmab txiv ntoo, ib lub vaj paj ntoo, ib lub txaj ntawm lub cav, lub kwj deg qhuav, lub txaj ntawm lub pob zeb, lub pob zeb ariars.
Kauj Ruam 1: Kev Ntsuas thiab Kev Tshawb Fawb
Thawj thiab ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, uas cov masters feem ntau tsis quav ntsej, yog kos tus ciam teb thiab kev ntsuam xyuas.
Ua ntej yuav ua haujlwm rau thaj av, nws yog qhov tsim nyog kos cim rau thaj chaw ua haujlwm rau yav tom ntej thiab cim tagnrho cov kabmob, uas yuav ua rau muaj kev taw qhia obstacles, teeb meem hauv khawb av, piv txwv, stumps, ditches, sib txuas lus, thiab lwm yam.
Koj tuaj yeem fim nce qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov pib thiab qhov kawg, yog li nws tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum coj los rau hauv koj tus account tag nrho cov nuances thiab tsuas yog ces pib mus rau theem ob - digging ib trench.
Kev kos npe yog muab los ntawm kev pab ntawm qaum uas txuas rau cov ntoo los yog hlau ceg. Nrog kev pab ntawm roulette angle las thiab xyuas qhov luaj li cas. 
Kauj ruam 2: Trenching
Lub trench rau fencing yog dug tawm nrog ib tug ntau npaug nyob rau hauv dav dav, uas txuas nrog yam tseem ceeb ntawm kev kho lub shields nrog sab tuav uas khawb rau hauv av.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias qhov tob ntawm lub ditch yuav tsum 10-15 cm siab tshaj qhov recessed ib feem ntawm lub hauv paus. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, lub excavation ntawm cov av yog kwv tawm ib ncig ntawm lub perimeter ntawm formwork.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Nws tsis pom zoo rau ncuav qhob ncaj qha rau hauv av. Rau lub zog thiab ua kom ntev, ib txheej ntawm gravel thiab xuab zeb yog pw rau hauv qab ntawm lub trench.
Kauj Ruam 3: Txhim kho cov kab ntsig puab sab hauv (siv fins)
Hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub hle tawv raws nws cov phab ntsa nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau khawb tshwj xeeb qhov nyob rau hauv txoj kab ntsug, nrog ib seem ntawm 50 x 50 hli. Mus rau lub bars nkag ruaj nrees thiab vertically, nws yog pom zoo kom loosen hauv av ib tug me ntsis. 
Thaum lub cag ntawm lub voj voog ntawm 20 cm, qhov sib txawv ntawm cov piles yuav tsum yog 120-130 cm, nrog 30 cm ntawm lub hauv paus - txog 1 m. Cov tuav yuav tsum me ntsis saum cov kev sib tsoo, vim qhov no yuav tsum tau siv tom qab txhim kho cov ntaub ntawv, kom paub meej txog nws cov rigidity thiab kev cia siab.
Kauj ruam 4: Nruab cov ntaub thaiv npog (phab ntsa)
Tom qab cov kab ntsig sab hauv yuav raug, ua mus rau cov khoom siv ntawm cov ntaub thaiv npog. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb los xyuas kom meej tias cov laug cam nyob ntawm qhov chaw nrug deb. Tom qab lub installation ntawm lub shields nyob rau hauv ib txoj hauj lwm ntsug tiav, xuab zeb thiab gravel yog them nrog ib txheej ntawm 7-10 cm nyob rau hauv lub ditch. 
Kauj Ruam 5: Khau Npog
Nrog kev pab los ntawm txoj hlua ntoo thiab cov ntsuas ntev ntev, ntsug tuav tau ceev nrooj, saib xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm lub installation ntawm shields thaum lub sij hawm fixation. Yog li, yuav tsum muaj ib qho kev tsim kho ntawm cov ntaub thaiv npog. Txhawb nqa cov ntaub qhwv tov, los ntawm sab nraud ntawm ditch fall asleep hauv av los yog gravel. 
Kauj Ruam 6: Txhim kho sab nraud
Hauv kev txiav txim kom tsis txhob tawg tawm ntawm sab nraud, nruab sab sab nraud nres, uas zoo meej rau cov txiav plywood nplooj. Qhov dav ntawm cov nplooj ntawv yuav tsum sib npaug zos rau qhov tob ntawm qhov sau.
Qhov nres nres khov kho hauv cov xuab zeb thiab cov laug cam. Tom qab pouring qhob, nyob rau hauv nws qhov ceeb thawj ib daim ntawm plywood yuav nias tawm tsam tsob ntoo, li no kom smoothness thiab kev cia siab ntawm lub casting.
Kauj Ruam 7: Kev npaj ntawm lub pob tawb coj los siv rau lub hauv paus
Thaum twg qhov chaw rau lub installation ntawm cov formwork yog npaj txhij, npaj ib qho kev thaij duab ntawm peb kab rov tav ntawm kev nqa pob zeb. Txhua txheej yog nyob ib sab saum toj rau lwm qhov, thiab cov kab saum topmost yuav tsum yog yam tsawg 10 cm hauv qab ntu. 
Cov kab rov tav yog txuas ua ke los ntawm qhov tsim nyog qhov ntev ntawm vuam. Tsim cov rods ntev, uas yog welded rau feem ntsug qis luv. Yog li ntawd nws hloov tawm qhov tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug cell thav duab.
Nyob rau tib theem, kev pabcuam txhua tus ntsia, uas yog qhov txuas rau lub teeb tsa. Cov kab yog faus rau ib qhov tob tsis pub tsawg dua qhov tob ntawm av khov.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Kev tsim kom muaj cov ncej yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua thaum siv lub ntsej muag loj thiab ntse ntse.
Kauj Ruam 8: Kev Npaj Qha
Cov kauj ruam tom ntej yog ua kom yooj yim. Rau qhov koj yuav tsum tau:
- xis mas;
- rubble;
- xuab zeb;
- dej;
- yas yas.
Koj puas paub? Lub plhaub nplaum (plasticizer) muab hloov nrog kua xab npum, uas yog ntxiv rau ib qho me me rau cov tshuaj tiav. Qhov no yuav muab lub elasticity ntawm sib tov thiab cia nws mus rau kis tusyees.
Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev npaj cov pob zeb yog yooj yim heev: xis mas yog tov nrog xuab zeb thiab rubble nyob rau hauv ib tug ratio ntawm 1: 3: 2, dej maj maj ntxiv ua ib tug theej plastic, tiam sis tsis kua.
Nws yog qhov pom zoo kom ntxiv cov khaub thuas txias rau cov khoom sib tov. Raws li rau lub hom phiaj ntawm cov maas, nws yog ntau dua kom paub siv ntau tshaj - M200 los yog M250.
Kauj Ruam 9: Ua Kom Sib Ntsib
Tom qab lub pob zeb npaj, cov qauv puv lawm. 
Nws muaj ob txoj hauv kev ua cov ntaub ntawv:
- sau nrog cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg;
- sau rau hauv txoj kev mus tas li.
Txoj kev sau yuav nyob ntawm seb tus nqi ntawm tus kheej. Txij li cov cheeb tsam hauv cheeb tsam rau lub ntsej muag feem ntau, me me yuav tsum siv tau. Ua li no, pob zeb yog ua tib zoo poured rau hauv tus qauv, tsis tu ncua faib nws ib ncig ntawm lub perimeter nrog ib tug shovel.
Tsis txhob hnov qab txog kev sib xyaw kom haum. Rau qhov kawg no, nyob rau hauv shields formwork systematically tapping nrog ib tug mallet. Thaum lub pob zeb ua tiav lawm tus qauv mus rau theem siab, nws sab laug kom khov.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Yuav kom tiv thaiv kev sib cais ntawm qhob, lub saum npoo ntawm sib tov yog moistened nrog dej thiab evenly kis.
Kauj Ruam 10: Kev Pab Kho Mob
Yuav kom tiv thaiv tau cov formwork los ntawm cua los yog ya raws thaum muaj nag, nyob ib ncig ntawm lub voj voog ntawm kev tsim lawv ncab PVC film. Ob peb hnub tom qab ntawd, thaum lub pob zeb ua tiav, qhov txheej txheem yog muab tshem tawm, vim dej nag tsis tuaj yeem muaj peev xwm muaj feem tsis zoo ntawm qhov sib tov. 
Kauj Ruam 11: Nres Disassembly
Raug tshem tawm ntawm cov qauv tom qab lub pob zeb tau muab tso rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim rov qab. Thawj kauj ruam yog tshem cov phom rau ntawm cov pas tuav nyob rau ntawm horizontally, tom qab ntawd tshem tawm cov khoom seem, txav cov laug cam rau ntawm lub trench, thiab thaum kawg tshem cov phaj ntawm lub plywood. Tag nrho cov hauj lwm disassembly yog ua kom tiav zoo heev kom tsis txhob puas lub hauv paus. 
Cov nta ntawm cov formwork rau ntawm txoj kab nqes
Yeej tsis yoojyim thaj chaw tsis muaj nyob, thiab feem ntau yuav tsum tau ua cov ntaub ntawv rau ntawm txoj kab nqes. Yog hais tias hauv av qib muaj qee yam ntawm ob peb degrees xwb, tsawg dua 10, ces tsis muaj kev tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau ua.
Yuav ua kom koj tsev neeg muaj zaub thiab zaub ntsuab rau lub caij ntuj no, nws yuav pab tau koj kom paub yuav ua li cas los ua ib lub tsev cog ntoo los ntawm koj tus kheej tes, ib lub tsev cog qoob los ntawm cov kav dej polypropylene, yuav ua li cas los ua ib lub tsev Polycarbonate Nursery, Butterfly Greenhouse, thiab tsev xog paj ntawm Mitlayder.Txwv tsis pub, qhov teeb meem yuav daws tau ob txoj kev:
- teem lub laj kab nyob rau hauv kab nrog cov av;
- siv txoj kev poob nqis ntaiv.
Thawj xaiv, tab sis yooj yim rau kev siv, tab sis tsis yog zoo nkauj, thiaj li muaj ntau tus neeg tsim cai xum thib ob. Kev tsim kho ntawm daim duab rau ntawm txoj kab nqes yog txawv me ntsis ntawm txoj kab nruab ntug, thiab qhov tseem ceeb sib txawv txhawm rau khawb qhov ntxiab.
Nrog rau txoj kev muaj zog, nws yog qhov pom zoo kom tsim kom muaj ib lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj hlua - txhawm rau txhua tus neeg ruam nrog kev txhawb nqa av. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nws yog ib qhov tsim nyog los soj ntsuam lub kaum ntawm inclination kom tiv thaiv lub shedding ntawm lub ntiaj teb. 
Kev ua haujlwm yuav tsum pib nrog qhov qis tshaj, maj mam txav ntawm txoj kab nqes. Tam sim ntawd tom qab tsim muaj cov kauj ruam, muab cov ntaub ntawv tso ua ke, uas cov ntsiab lus txhawb ntxiv.
Kev npaj ntawm kev daws, nws cov pouring yog nqa tawm nyob rau tib txoj kev raws li rau kab rov tav installation.
Nuances thiab cov lus pom zoo
Txhawm rau tsim lub hauv paus rau lub laj kab tom ntej nrog koj txhais tes, koj yuav tsum muaj kev txawj thiab kev paub ntawm kev tsim kho.
Qee qhov kev pom zoo thiab cov tswv yim ntawm cov neeg tsim kev lag luam yuav pab ua haujlwm kom ntau li ntau tau thiab ua kom tiav raws li qib zoo. 
Thaum tsim ua cov ntaub ntawv, nws tsim nyog:
- nco ntsoov tias tsis muaj qhov khoob thiab khoob ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub shields thiab hauv qab ntawm lub ditch;
- kho lub plywood nyob rau hauv sab hauv ib sab ntawm lub trench, thiab tus ncej qab lub shields;
- ntsia hlau ntsia ntawm 45 degree kaum sab xis;
- xyuas kom tsis muaj cov ntsia hlau rau hauv cov qauv hauv cov qauv, tsis pub muaj teeb meem tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm muab dismantling;
- Nws tsis pom zoo kom ua haujlwm tawm hauv cov huab cua kub, vim tias kub tau ua rau cov dej ua hauv pob zeb. Yog hais tias nws tsis tau hloov qhov kev tsim kho, nws yog ib qhov tsim nyog los npog qhov saum npoo nrog sawdust, uas yuav cia tau khaws ntub dej;
- Tag nrho cov hauj lwm yuav tsum tau nqa tawm hauv theem, tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab, nruj me ntsis ua raws li cov cai.
Ua kom muaj cov cuab yeej zoo, ua tau zoo tshaj plaws rau lub hauv paus rau lub laj kab tsis yooj yim, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog yog hais tias ib tug neeg tsis tau ua hauj lwm yav tas los.Tab sis, tom qab tag nrho cov lus pom zoo los ntawm cov kws txawj thiab xaiv cov khoom zoo, koj tuaj yeem tsim ib lub hauv paus ruaj khov uas yuav ua haujlwm ntau xyoo thiab yuav yog ib qho "plhis" rau ntau pua ntsaws.
