Nws yog hu ua "dub diamond". Nws muaj tsis muaj vaj huam sib luag nyob rau hauv tus nqi thiab saj. Tab sis tsis yog txhua tus gourmets yuav them taus no kim delicacy. Feem ntau cov Ukrainians, nws tsuas yog paub txog ntawm films txog Fabkis zaub mov los yog ua yeeb yam qhia. Txawm tias nce txog cov nceb tsis paub dab tsi no mysterious Mushroom zoo li - truffle.
Qhov no yog dabtsi?
Truffle hais txog marsupial nceb. Nws cov fleshy txiv hmab txiv ntoo hlob underground thiab resembles npawv tw qaub tubers. Outwardly, lawv tsis zoo nkauj heev: cov tawv nqaij tsaus yuav ua rau tus, tawg los yog them nrog pyramidal warts. Lub pulp hauv seem seem ntawm marble vim yog qhov txawv ntawm kev hloov lub teeb thiab tsaus nti. Cov xim ntawm "marble" nyob ntawm seb hom fungus thiab yuav ua tau dawb, dub, chocolate thiab grey. Qhov loj me me los ntawm walnut mus rau loj qos yaj ywm.
Truffles yog cov tsis tshua muaj cov nceb, thiab lawv tsis yooj yim li nrhiav. Lawv loj hlob underground nyob rau hauv ib lub tob ntawm 30 cm, tsuas yog qub nceb tshwm theem saum toj no hauv av. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv tsis loj hlob nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov forests. Lawv xav tau cov av qaub av thiab ntoo, hauv cov hauv paus uas lawv yuav nyob. Rau "nyob ua ke" truffles feem ntau xaiv oak lossis cua thiab ua rau mycorrhiza nrog lawv, los yog pab tau kev sib raug zoo. Tsob ntoo yuav tau nce lub nceb nrog cov as-ham, thiab mycelium, los yog mycelium, nyeg, envelops lub hauv paus thiab thiaj li pab nws nqus dej noo thiab cov kua roj salts.
Cov noob nom noob tswv nceb, raws li lawv raug hu ua, muaj cov cwj pwm mushroom tsw nrog lub qab nutty. Lawv ua rau lub siab dawb paug uas zoo nkauj heev uas txawm tias cov kws ua zaubmov yuav hnov tau taub hau. Ntawm lawv npaj lawv tus kheej cov tais diav thiab kua txiv hmab. Lawv tau noj nqaij thiab nqaij nruab deg. Lawv mus zoo nrog cheese, zaub thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Txawm tias feem ntau cov zaub mov txawv xws li dumplings los yog ib tug nyuaj, nrog ntxiv ntawm truffle ua ib delicacy.
Koj puas paub? Nws ntseeg tias truffles muaj peev xwm muaj kev nyuab siab psychotropic vim qhov anandamide uas muaj hauv nws, uas zoo sib xws rau cov yeeb tshuaj xas.
Qhov twg nceb noj?
Truffles loj hlob thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb no: nyob hauv Europe, Asia, North America thiab North Africa. Txhua tus tsiaj muaj nws lub vaj tse. Dub Perigord Truffle hlob hauv ntoo qhib, beech thiab hornbeam forests nyob rau hauv Fabkis qab teb, qaum teb ltalis, nyob rau hauv Spain thiab Switzerland.
Lub caij ntuj sov truffle (kuj dub) faib nyob rau hauv Central Europe, Scandinavia, Central Asia, Russia thiab Crimea. Cov deposits ntawm lub caij ntuj sov truffle thiab ob peb lwm hom ntawm no nceb pom nyob rau hauv Ukraine: nyob rau hauv Transcarpathia, lub Carpathians, nyob rau hauv lub Vinnitsa thiab Kiev thaj tsam, nyob qhov twg oak thiab beech forests loj hlob.
Ib qho truffle yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm tus nceb noj, koj yuav pom cov nceb dawb, chanterelles, npua, aspen nceb, mis nyuj nceb, morels, honey agaric nceb, thiab musk elk nceb.
Tej zaum lawv nyob hauv lwm thaj chaw ntawm peb lub teb chaws, tsuas yog tib neeg tsis paub txog nws. Nws thiaj li tau tshwm sim, tawm ntawm kev tsis paub, lawv pub domestic tsiaj nrog no cov kab txawv qoob loo. Yuav kom nrhiav tau cov hauv paus hniav, cov qub txoj siv tseem siv: tshwj xeeb uas tau kawm cov npua thiab dev.
Npua muaj peev xwm hnov tsw prey rau 20-25 m, tab sis lawv ua puas lub to top txheej ntawm av thiab feem ntau noj lub nrhiav. Yog li ntawd, cov dev feem ntau nyiam, tab sis lawv yuav tsum tau kawm kom ntev. Koj tuaj yeem ua tsis tau cov neeg pabcuam no, tsom ntawm cov liab yoov uas nteg qe nyob ze ntawm cov tub qhua truffle thiab tawm tsam ntawm qhov chaw no.
Nws puas tuaj yeem loj hlob tom tsev?
Cov lus nug ntawm seb puas muaj peev xwm loj hlob truffles ntawm koj tus kheej nyob hauv tsev yog yam hnub no rau ob qho laj thawj. Firstly, cov no yog exorbitantly siab nqi rau no delicacy khoom: los ntawm 1000 hryvnia mus rau ob peb txhiab euro ib kilogram. Secondly, nyob rau hauv Ukraine, lub truffle yog teev nyob rau hauv Phau Ntawv Loj, uas txhais tau hais tias nws yog txwv tsis pub mus sau nws nyob rau hauv cov qus thiab muag nws nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws.
Dawb truffles tsis yooj yim sua kom yug los artificially. Hauv kev sib piv, cov tsiaj dub tau ntev tau cog rau hauv Tebchaws Europe thiab Tuam Tshoj. Yog li ntawd, tsim kom muaj qhov tsim nyog rau cov neeg mob, koj tuaj yeem tau txais cov khoom noj nyob hauv tsev.
Koj puas paub? Txawm hais tias truffles tau noj thawj zaug nyob rau hauv Fabkis, tab sis lawv cultivation twb pib nyob rau yav qab teb ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman imperial nyob rau hauv Peter I. Cov tswv tsev loj hlob tuaj thiab muab muag rau lawv Fabkis, thiab lawv kawm ntau ntxiv tom qab.
Tej kev mob loj hlob
Kev loj hlob truffles tuaj yeem ua tau zoo hauv tsev. Qhov no yuav tsum muaj kev nyab xeeb, av thiab tsob ntoo uas nceb yuav nyiam.
Kev Nyab Xeeb
Qhov mob no tseem ceeb heev tsis yog rau cov nceb ua rau tsob ntoo qiv, piv txwv, rau cov ntoo qhib. Lub continental kev nyab xeeb ntawm Ukraine yog nyiam nyob rau hauv no hwm: nws yog ib qhov sov thiab humid. Lub caij sov sov siab yog 22 ° C.
Av npaj
- Cov av yuav tsum yog npua-clayey, nplua nuj hauv cov zaub mov xws li calcium, nitrogen, hlau thiab leej faj.
- Av yuav tsum tau fertilized nrog humus.
- Lub ntiaj teb yuav tsum tau cleared ntawm pob zeb thiab weeds thiab loosened.
- Yuav tsum tsis muaj lwm yam myceliums nyob rau hauv qhov chaw xaiv, lawv yuav sib tw nrog txhua lwm yam.
- Cov av pH yuav tsum tsis txhob qis dua 7.5.
Australian cultivation tshuab
Yuav ua li cas thiab yuav ua li cas thiaj li loj hlob fragrant truffle nyob rau tom tsev, cov neeg Australians paub. Lawv cov kev siv tshuab tseem zoo tshaj plaws txij li xyoo 1995. Nyob rau hauv ib lub xyoo, 1 hectare yuav tawm los 4 kg, thiab nyob rau hauv 5-6 xyoo - txog li 20 kg.
Txoj kev no tau ua tiav rau ntau tshaj 20 xyoo nyob hauv Australia, qhov twg tsis tau muaj kev sib yeem, thiab lwm lub tebchaws. Ntxiv mus, nws yuav ua tau nyob rau hauv Ukraine, qhov twg nceb thiab thiaj li loj hlob nyob rau hauv cov qus. Tseem ceeb, cov nqi khoom siv thiab kev ua txhua yam yuav tsum tau ua, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum ntxov xyoo. Tab sis, ces nws yuav tag nrho them rov qab, muab cov nqi tam sim no ntawm nceb.
Feem ntau cov nceb loj hlob tuaj yog champignons.
Kev puas tsuaj
Hnyuv hma thiab pob zeb thiab pedunculate cov ntoo, uas yog ntau nyob rau hauv Ukraine, yog haum rau lub hom phiaj no. Lub seedlings ntawm cov ntoo yog zoo dua haum rau cov kab mob tshaj li cov tub ntxhais hluas saplings, raws li lawv pib tsim tsis lub qia, tab sis lub hauv paus. Mycorrhiza yuav tsim nrog nws.
Rau tus kab mob koj yuav tsum tau yuav mycelium ntawm dub truffle thiab ua raws li cov ntoo rau lawv. Lawv sab laug rau ob peb lub lis piam nyob rau hauv sterile tej yam kev mob, muab mycelium ib lub sij hawm los mus noj paus. Tom qab ntawd, seedlings yog cog on ib cuab ntxhiab nrog npaj av. Mycorrhiza thaum kawg tau cawm nyob rau hauv lub xyoo, kom txog thaum lub tua ncav 20 cm nyob rau hauv qhov siab, thiab keeb kwm 50 cm nyob rau hauv ntev. Tag nrho lub sij hawm no koj xav tau lo rau lo cais.
Cog cog qoob loo
Sprouts kis nrog mycelium truffles muaj peev xwm yuav cog nyob rau hauv qhib hauv av nyob rau hauv lig caij nplooj ntoos hlav. Cov av yuav tsum raug ntaus ua ntej ua ntej nrog herbicides. ammonium glufosinate (nws sai decomposes rau hauv av).
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom qhia chiv ua ntej cog sprouts, raws li qhov no yog detrimental rau mycelium.
Txhua tus seedling yuav tsum muaj txaus qhov chaw, tsis ntau tshaj 500 daim ib hectare. Nws yog ib lub tswv yim kom ua raws li lub tswv yim - 5 mus rau 4 m. Qhov tob ntawm lub qhov tsis tsawg tshaj 75 cm, yog li ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm tsob ntoo yuav raug pov thaiv los ntawm Frost thiab pests. Dej yog poured rau hauv lub qhov, lub sprout yog them nrog lub ntiaj teb, compacted thiab watered dua. Nyob rau hauv txhua tus nroj tsuag, ncuav mulch los ntawm hav zoov av nrog xyoo tas los lub nplooj hauv ib lub vojvoog ntawm 40 cm thiab npog qhov chaw no nrog ib zaj duab xis.
Truffle kev kho mob
Thawj ob xyoo tom qab tsaws xav kom muaj lub cev tsis tau ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv. Rau qhov no nws yog ib qhov tsim nyog los tua cov nroj. Peb tsis tuaj yeem cia cov tsos ntawm cov kab tsuag loj - luav thiab npua, thiab cov kab phom sij rau cov hu ua fungi - weevils thiab dub kab laum.
Fertilizing ua NPK-fertilizer thiab ib qho me me ntawm micronutrient chiv - hlau, magnesium, zinc, boron thiab tooj liab. 
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Rau truffle oaks, sib thooj rau willow, poplar, chestnut, fir, spruce, Pine thiab txiv qaub yog txaus ntshai.
Harvesting
Thaum nws yog lub sij hawm mus khaws cov ripe truffles - koj tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas tau los ntawm 3 cov cim qhia:
- ib pab tsiaj yoov tshwm saum toj ntawm qhov chaw;
- hauv av saum toj no lub nceb nceb nce;
- cov nyom dries nyob rau hauv qhov chaw.
Koj puas paub? Nyob rau hauv ltalis, pleev ntawm truffles. Raws li kev tshawb fawb, lub Extract los ntawm cov nceb significantly txo tob wrinkles.
Koj yuav ua li cas koj thiaj li loj hlob tau nrog koj txhais tes hauv tsev! Tab sis yog txhua yam ua tiav lawm, ces qhov kev ua haujlwm yuav tau txais txiaj ntsig: qhov "dub pob zeb diamond" saum lub rooj yuav zoo siab nrog koj cov khoom noj tsis qab thiab aroma, thiab txawm pab koj ntxiv koj tsev neeg cov nyiaj.
