Kev kho mob thiab txoj hauv kev los tiv thaiv rubella txiv hmab txiv ntoo

Lub nceeg vaj ntawm fungi yog cov laus tshaj plaws thiab feem ntau yog cov sawv cev ntawm neeg zej zog hauv lub ntiaj teb.

Pom qee yam ntawm lawv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub nceb caij nyoog, yog kev zoo siab rau ib tug neeg, lwm tus neeg to taub lub neej ntawm gardeners thiab sab hauv nroj tsuag nyiam.

Causative tus neeg sawv cev

Ascomycetes - nws yog leej twg? Dab tsi yog lawv txaus ntshai rau cov nroj tsuag?

Txhais los ntawm Greek - cia li "hnab", "lub hnab". Marsupial Mushroom. Tus kabmob tsis zoo (mycelium), uas muaj ib lub cev nqaij daim tawv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm nyias filaments (hyphae) thiab tshwj xeeb plab hnyuv siab rau nqa spores (reproduction hlwb) - hnab. Ascomycete nws tus kheej yog yug los ntawm asexual (tsis muaj hlwb deev) thiab kev sib deev (los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov hlwb tshwj xeeb).

80% ntawm cov kab mob nroj tsuag yog txuam nrog cov kab mob hauv lub cev. Qhov ua rau ntawm fungal kab mob yog tsis yeej ib txwm tib yam, sib ntaus tawm tsam lawv yog protracted.

Lub essence ntawm fungal kev puas tsuaj rau ib tsob nroj yog nyob rau hauv nws nkag mus los ntawm stomata ntawm nplooj ntoos los yog puas lawm sab laug los ntawm pests thiab intensive germination rau hauv cov nroj tsuag lub cev.

Kev kis sai sai, lub mycelium tsim ntawm nws qhov xaus - vim yog lub merger ntawm txiv neej thiab poj niam gametes - ntau tshaj 100 hnab (txhua tus nrog 8 qhov phais me nyuam). Nyob rau saum npoo ntawm daim ntawv lub hnab, kaw, tsim ib "saucer" nrog ib lub cheeb ntawm 400 microns.

Nyias filaments (hyphae) ntawm lub fungus, intertwining, daim ntawv tufts thiab tshiab fruiting plab hnyuv siab raum. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm cov xov tooj multimeter yog kev nqus ntawm dej thiab cov as-ham ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Lub sij hawm ntawm maturation ntawm kev sib cav nyob rau hauv hnab nyob rau ntawm ib tug kub ntawm 20 degrees Celsius - 2-3 lub lim piam. Ntws dej los yog cua, lawv pauv mus rau lwm yam nroj tsuag, txuas rau ib qho tshiab ntawm fertilization.

Kev yug menyuam (vegetative) yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm marsupial fungi nyob rau hauv cov huab cua zoo txaus ntshai. Ces nyob saum npoo ntawm mycelium los ntawm cov kab mob li ib txwm (sib cais los ntawm lub siab phem) cog qoob loo - kev ruaj khov, npaj txhij mus rau ib qho kab mob tshiab nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsim thiab kev sib cog lus.

Pab: Hauv lub ntiaj teb nceb, ascomycetes ntau tshaj 30,000 hom. Lawv lub luag haujlwm tsis zoo: lawv txhawb qhov kev ua tiav ntawm kev lom neeg ntawm nitrogen thiab carbon, yog lub hauv paus ntawm lichens, muaj nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov ntawm invertebrates, cov nas thiab cov tsiaj loj - khaus thiab mos lwj.

Kev piav qhia thiab yees duab ntawm rubella txiv hmab

Rubella txiv hmab txiv ntoo ua cov kab mob fungal. Qhov no kab mob ntawm grape vines yog muaj npe tom qab xim ntawm lub me ntsis-thickenings uas tshwm rau thawj nplooj nyob rau hauv May-Lub rau hli ntuj. Yog li ntawd yog vim li cas thiaj ua txiv hmab txiv ntoo liab liab? Qee lub sij hawm, txawm li cas los xij, qhov chaw ntawm qhov chaw yuav txawv me ntsis:

• mildew infestation;
• swb ntawm cov nroj tsuag los ntawm pom necrosis (bacteriosis);
• swb kab laug sab;
• qhov muaj cov tshuaj fluorine hauv chiv borsuperphosphate;
• tseem ceeb heev potassium deficiency;
• hnyav overload bushes.

Kev rubella yog cov xim hloov ntawm cov kab ntawv ntawm daim ntawv, sib sau ua voj voog, cov nplooj zoo li xeb. Cov pov thawj ntawm qhov kis tau tus kab mob yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov nqaij ntawd:

• nyob rau hauv dawb ntau yam: grape nplooj yog them nrog xim av me ntsis, nrog ib nqaim yellowish ciam teb, los yog tag nrho daj me ntsis;
• nyob rau hauv xim ntau yam (liab, liab, dub) - maub liab me ntsis rau ntawm nplooj ntawm grapes nrog ib tug greenish-daj tus qauv qhia nyob rau hauv ntug.

Rubella tsis yog ib qho kabmob ntsuag loj heev. Nws tsis raug kho raws li lub fungus penetrates rau hauv vegetative kabmob ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Tus cab no muaj cov khoom ntiag tug uas tsim kev quav tshuaj tiv thaiv kom tsis muaj phom (chemicals). Nrog rubella, feem ntau - tiv thaiv kev sib kis thiab kev hloov ntawm ecology ntawm qhov chaw.

Pab: Tus kab mob no yog thawj zaug tau piav los ntawm tus kws biologist Swiss G. Muller thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub vineyards ntawm Thurgau (nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Switzerland).

Nyob rau hauv cov duab hauv qab no koj yuav tau acquainted nrog cov cim thiab tsos ntawm swb rubella txiv hmab:

Hom mob

Kws txawj ntawm txiv hmab txiv ntoo loj hlob txawv ntawm qhov mob ntawm tus kab mob, muab faib raws li:

• kis tau;
• tsis kis mob.

Nyob rau hauv thawj rooj plaub, lub vine ntawm thawj 3-4 xyoo ntawm lub neej yog cuam tshuam los ntawm kev hloov ntawm cov kis las los ntawm cov nroj tsuag nyob sib ze, nrog rau cov nroj tsuag thiab khib nyiab.
Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob - qhov ua rau ntawm tus kab mob yog:

• av muaj pes tsawg leeg (stony, neeg pluag hauv cov as-ham, hauv particular - potassium);
• cuam ​​tshuam ntawm dej tshuav ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus cog;
• qaug zog Bush;
• hnyav rains;
• ntuj qhuav heev;
• tsawg hmo ntuj.

Cov kab mob uas tsis kis tau tus kab mob rubella tau yooj yim los ntawm kev txhim kho tag nrho kev ua liaj ua teb los yog hloov txoj kev pub mis.

Pab: Kev tswj cov qog mildew muaj peev xwm ua rau cov txheej txheem ntawm cov kab mob muaj zog tsis txaus.

Qhov yuav tshwm sim

Sib tw ntawm simplest kab mob nyob rau hauv nplooj, ntau tsawg tsawg - txhuam ntawm grapes, leads mus rau:

• qhov thickening ntawm nplooj ntoos phaj thiab lub manifestation ntawm nws fragility: cov nplooj yog tais thiab qhuav, mus txog rau reset;
• cov kev hloov hauv cov khoom tsim tau raws li cov duab photosynthetic;
• qhov weakening ntawm nroj tsuag uas undernourished;
• kev loj hlob tuaj;
• qhov tsos ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo deformed uas tsis tuaj yeem ncav kom tag nrho;
• txo (txog li 80%) lossis tag nrho ntawm cov qoob loo;
• rov kis dua thaum kawg ntawm lub caij nyoog loj hlob (lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj).

Nws tseem ceeb heev: Rubella txiv hmab txiv ntoo, tsis tau qhia nyob rau hauv ib tug raws sijhawm, muaj peev xwm twb tag nrho tshem tawm Bush Bush nplooj pib ntawm loj hlob voj voog.

Txoj kev los tiv thaiv kev kis kab mob

Yuav ua li cas yog tias liab, daj los yog xim av me ntsis tshwm rau ntawm nplooj ntawm grapes yog hais tias nplooj nplooj xeb? Nyob rau hauv txiv hmab txiv ntoo loj hlob, muaj peb feem ntau txais txoj hau kev tiv tauj fungal kab mob:

• tshuaj (siv fungicides);
• lom (fungi tsis kam sib tw);
• mechanical (agrotechnical ntsuas).

Tab sis qhov zoo tshaj plaws yog kev tiv thaiv ntawm tau raug mob.

1. Cov tshuaj ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob nroj tsuag, nyob rau hnub no lub theem ntawm qhuav ntawm fungicides, muab lub siab tshaj plaws efficiency thiab nyiaj txiag khaws cia. Mob hnyav: tus mob toxic rau parasites yuav tsum tsis yog lom rau tib neeg. Txwv tsis pub, lub cuab yeej tsis tuaj yeem ua kom ncaj lub hom phiaj - qhov kev tsim ntawm kev noj cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo uas tseem ceeb rau peb lub cev. Npaj rau kev kho mob ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog:
   • hu rau hom, ncaj qha rau cuam tshuam qhov cuam tshuam nto ("Rov qab", "Omite", Bordeaux kua (8% tov);
   • kev tsim hom mob, thaum lub yeeb tshuaj txhaj tshuaj mus rau hauv txhua lub tshuab ntawm cov nroj tsuag ("Fundazole", "Kvadris", "Strobe", «Topsin-M", "Topaz", "Kev sib tw";
   • ua ke - sib txuas cov khoom ntawm thawj lub thiab ob hom ("Reedom", "Kub", "Carbis Sab saum toj").

   Nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus tawm tsam causative tus neeg sawv cev ntawm rubella, npaj mildew yog heev zoo: tooj liab oxychloride (0.3% daws), polycarbacin, arceride, polychrome. Nws tsis yog los ntawm lub caij nyoog uas fungus tsis manifest nws tus kheej qhov twg lub vine twb kho rau downy mildew.

   Kev npaj tshuaj muaj ib qho raug rho tawm: pathogens ua accustomed rau lawv, thiab cov kev hloov hauv cov tshuaj synthesized lossis ntxiv rau hauv cov koob tshuaj no yuav tsum tau txhaj.

2. Cov kab mob lom neeg rau kev tswj cov kab mob fungal yog non-toxic, tab sis lawv kuj tsis muab lub kav ntev ua haujlwm uas cov neeg cog khoob yog suav rau. Lawv siv feem ntau nyob rau hauv cov theem thaum ntxov ntawm tus kab mob, nrog rau cov qauv kev sim kuaj lub xyoo.

   Universal yog nrov heev ntawm cov khoom lom "Gaupsin"nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau txhua hom kev ua teb thiab vaj tsev, nrog rau cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, xws li txiv hmab txiv ntoo, 90%, thiab muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob rau cov tib neeg thiab lwm yam kab mob: cov tsiaj txhu, ntses, cov muv. tsis noog nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag, tsis cuam tshuam rau saj ntawm lub txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Khaws "Gaupsin"nws yog ua tau nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov sov chav tsev - 4 lub hlis, nyob rau hauv ib qhov chaw txias - txog li rau lub hlis.

   Kev txheeb xyuas roj ntsha kuj muaj xws li kev pom zoo ntawm kev kho cov nroj tsuag nrog kev daws cov ntxhuav ntawm cov ntoo tshauv thiab ntxhua khaub ncaws (dej tshauv - 1/10; 50 g.) Xab npum). Qhov kev kho mob yog ib zaug txhua txhua 10 hnub, txog thaum xaus ntawm lub caij cog qoob.

3. Mechanical txhais tau tias kev tawm tsam yog:
• tshem tawm ntawm cuam tshuam nplooj thiab tua;
• tshem tawm cov ruam;
• embossing ntawm yav dhau los cuam tshuam cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo tua, tawm hauv foliage saum toj no cov pawg; tus menyuam me me rau qhov no - tsis txhob rho tawm;
• raws sij hawm garter tua;
• rhuav tshem ntawm cov pov tseg cov khib nyiab thiab qhuav khib nyiab;
• tshem tawm cov nroj tsuag ntawm lub vajvoog radical, khawb av;
• pruning Bush nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no;
• ntxiv daim ntawv thov ntawm potash chiv.

Nws tseem ceeb heev: "Grapes tsis nyiam hws, tab sis lub hnub thiab lub ntiaj teb." Rau qhov noj qab haus huv ntawm vine yog tseem ceeb heev nyob rau hauv av, qhov muaj cov poov tshuaj nyob rau hauv nws.

Txhais tau tias kev tiv thaiv

Tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb rau kev rubella. Qhov no fungus tshwm ua ntej pathogen ntawm powdery mildew, tab sis yog sensitive mus rau tiv thaiv tshuaj tiv thaiv tawm tsam mildew. Ntawm no yog qee cov cai rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm tus kab mob no:

1. Ob sab ntawm nplooj ntoos yuav tsum tau kho nrog fungicides. Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav nws yog zoo dua los siv organic npaj, raws li tooj liab yuav ua rau Burns.
2. Thaum pib ntawm vegetative kev loj hlob, nws yog ib qhov tsim nyog los tshem tawm kev sib cuag ntawm cov nroj tsuag nrog qub nplooj.
3. Nws yog pom zoo los xyuas lub hom ntawm illumination thiab ventilation ntawm Bush.
4. Tom qab pib kev kho mob ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas tua thiab tshem tawm ntawm nplooj mob, koj yuav tsum tau saib xyuas ntawm foliage txaus ntawm Bush, txo qhov ntev ntawm pruning thiab tswj kev noj qab haus huv stepchildren.
5. Zoo tsim lub fertility ntawm cov av los ntawm thov organic chiv: manure, compost, humus.
6. Tshuaj tsuag nrog potassium nitrate (1%) thaum pib los yog thaum kawg ntawm ib hnub (txog 5 zaug nrog rau lub caij nyoog 10 hnub), sib txuas nrog nws cov kev qhia txog potash chiv nyob rau hauv cov hauv paus nroj tsuag.
7. Tag nrho cov pests ntawm grapes (kab, noog), ua txhaum lub meej mom ntawm cov nroj tsuag, qhib lub "lub qhov rooj" rau fungal tau tus kab mob. Kev tiv thaiv ntawm ascomycetes yog kev tiv thaiv ntawm vines los ntawm pests.

Nws puas ua tau kom tsis txhob muaj kev phom sij ntawm tus kab mob?

Lub ntsiab loj rau ib qho kev noj qab haus huv tshem me me nyob rau hauv koj lub vaj teb yuav yog ib tug txawj xav xaiv ntawm ntau yam. Tom qab tag nrho, feem ntau European txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntau yam yog lam tau lam ua rau mob kis. Thiab cov zoo nraug "Cardinal", thiab cov ntawv sau txog "Queen of Vineyards", thiab "Muscat Hungarian", thiab "Pearls ntawm Saba" tsuas muaj ib qho kev tsis muaj zog - raug rau cov kab mob fungal.

Tsim nrog lawv siv cov ntaub ntawv tshiab hybrid, raws li txoj cai, hom phiaj kom tshem tawm qhov kev tsis pom zoo no, tsawg kawg hauv ib feem. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov lus piav qhia ntawm ntau yam yuav tsum yeej ib txwm saib cov ntaub ntawv, tham txog qhov tsis kam ntawm txiv hmab txiv ntoo mus rau txhua yam ntawm fungus, mus rau high humidity, kom tsawg kub, av fertility thiab yam ntxwv census ntawm ib tug paub tab txhuam. Feem ntau cov feem ntau, tus fungus cuam tshuam cov pleev xim rau ntau yam thiab hybrids on "isabelny" rootstocks.

Nws ntseeg hais tias ntawm tag nrho cov hom vines tsuas yog dub "lub caij ntuj no grapes" (Vitis cinerea), loj hlob nyob rau hauv Texas, yog guaranteed tawm tsam fungal kab mob thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo rubella thiab.

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