Nqaij qaib ua teb

Milfleur chickens: nta ntawm yug me nyuam tom tsev

Tshwj xeeb tseem ceeb ntawm yug me nyuam ornamental chickens txuas nyob rau hauv ancient Tuam Tshoj thiab Nyiv. Xws li cov noog tau pom tias yog kev hlub ntawm vajtswv, tsim nyog pe hawm. Tam sim no lawv loj hlob tuaj koom rau hauv exhibitions thiab rau kev zoo siab rau kev zoo nkauj. Tus nqi ntawm chickens thiab cov neeg laus cov neeg laus ntawm cov breeds tsawg heev, yog li lawv cov qe yog ib tug heev muaj txiaj ntsim ua lag luam. Milfleur - yog ib qhov zoo tshaj plaws breeds, bred hauv Belgium nyob rau hauv lub XIX caug xyoo, thiab raws li ib qho ntawm feem ntau ua liaj ua teb hnub no.

Hauv keeb kwm

Milfleur yug yog ib qho ntawm ntau yam ntawm Belgian Ukkel Bentamki. Tus creator ntawm yug yog Michel Van Gelder, uas nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm lub zos Brussels - Ukkele. Milfleur, Plooj (Porcelain) thiab Dawb yog thawj ntau hom ntawm lub Ukkelian Bentamka.

Tab sis milfleur yog thawj zaug uas yuav nkag tau rau hauv Perfection Standards ntawm American Bird Association thaum xyoo 1914. Supposedly, Van Gelder siv lub Dutch Saber Bentamka thiab Antwerp Bearded Bentamka rau yug.

Txij li Michel tau mus ncig ntau ntau thiab coj ntau hom kev qaib los ntawm nws cov kev sib tw, qee tus kws tshaj lij nyob rau hauv milfleers taug txoj kev ntawm Japanese Bantamok. Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev xaiv yog yug me nyuam ntawm ib tug zoo nkauj dwarf yug nrog spectacular plumage.

Kev piav qhia thiab yam ntxwv

Lub npe "Milfleur" txhais ua "ib txhiab paj" (tsib Mille Fleures). Nyob rau hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas, tus yug hu ua - Belgian bearded Ukkel. Ob lub npe qhia txog lub ntsiab cwj pwm ntawm cov qaib - cov xim daj uas ci xaus rau hauv ib qho nyiaj crescent nrog dub edging thiab muaj cov tso tsheb hlau luam.

Yug txawv:

  • siab zoo nkauj zoo nkauj;
  • Frost tsis kam;
  • gentle, docile xwm;
  • xav tau zaub mov zoo.

Sab nrauv

Cov xim pib ntawm milfleur yog sawv cev los ntawm hens nrog chocolate dawb plumage. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov xim no yog cov qauv hauv xyoo 1914. Yug kos npe ntawm cov beauties - paws, intensively feathered raws tag nrho ntev. Ib qho uas tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim ntau yog xiav milfleur nrog tsaus grey plumage.

Nyeem cov lus piav qhia thiab kev yug me nyuam ntawm cov ntsej muag zoo nkauj xws li "Black Russian Bearded", "Shabo", "Paduan", "Betnamka", "Brama", "Gudan", "Minorca", "Araucana", "Cochinhin" "Phoenix", "Pavlovsk kub thiab nyiaj."

Hnub no muaj txog 20 ntau hom xim milflörov. Tsis muaj ib qho qauv rau cov noog nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb. Feem ntau lub teb chaws siv lawv cov lus txhais ntawm sab nrauv nta.

Yog li, tus txheej txheem ntawm German breeders (Bund Deutscher Rasse Geflügel Zucht) txais lub division ntawm lub ostrich-tso chickens rau hauv 4 pawg:

  • thawj - cov noog ntawm cov porcelain ntxoov ntxoo, cov no muaj xws li cov plooj (porcelain) milfleur;
  • ob - speckled, sawv cev nyob rau hauv pob zeb xiav speckled, dub thiab dawb;
  • qhov thib peb - ​​cov noog ntawm cov xim dub: nws yog xiav kab txaij nrog lub ntsej muag kub lossis caj dab;
  • Plaub - cov duab noog monochrome: xiav, dawb, daj.

Lub ntsiab tshwj xeeb ntawm cov kev txiav plaub-legged yog qhov muaj cov ceg plumage. Vim hais tias qhov ntev ntawm cov plaub ntawm cov kev ua si loj yuav tawg, ces tus plumage ntom ntim rau hauv tus account.

Lwm cov nta:

  1. Lub cev yog sib npaug nrog ib tug zoo nkauj npawv rov qab.
  2. Cov nplua nuj lush plumage nyob rau hauv lub caj dab mus zoo li ib tug ntaub on nws rov qab. Qhov no yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pom hauv cockerels.
  3. Qhov nruab nrab loj ntawm lub taub hau.
  4. Qhov muag xim nyob ntawm qhov xim.
  5. Qhov kev hloov mus rau tus Tsov tus tw yuav tsum yog tus. Rau tag nrho cov cockerels, tshwj tsis yog rau dawb, lub Tail yog decorated nrog dub sickle-xim kositsyami nrog ntsuab tint.
  6. Puv lub hauv siab, tawm suab nrawm, ob leeg nyob rau hauv cov txiv neej thiab cov poj niam.
  7. Tuag ncaj, tsis tu ncua, tsis tuaj. Xim pob thiab tsej - xim liab.

Tsi

Ib qho zoo heev nplaub tshav siab ua rau cov qaib no tsis zoo rau kev ua kom muaj kev ntxhov siab. Milfleur - heev affectionate, yog li lawv muaj peev xwm txawm yuav tsiaj, thiab tsis yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov noog ua liaj ua teb. Lub teeb thiab mobile heev - lawv yeej ib txwm muaj kev thaj yeeb los ntawm lwm cov neeg.

Cov txiv neej yog ib tus zoo nkauj, ib txwm caw qaib mus rau sab qis thiab nquag saib xyuas lawv cov kab tshoob. Txawm tias muaj kev phooj ywg, cov txiv neej yeej muaj kev tiv thaiv cov coop los ntawm cov kev txwv ntawm cov tsiaj txhu. Ib tug qaib tuaj yeem saib xyuas ntawm brooding ntawm 7-8 hens.

Nws tseem ceeb heev! Los tswj cov kev ua kom zoo nkauj, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas lub cockerel los ntawm ib tug brood unrelated mus rau hens. Rau cov plhu feem ntau muab yug rau ib tug qaib ib xyoos laus dua nws cov poj niam.

Hatching instinct

Chickens yog zoo niam nrog ib tug tsim tsim tsim kev xav. Tus pojniam ntawd yeej tsis yoojyim tawm hauv qhov kav dej txawm tias haus thiab noj mov. Lub qhov ntev ntawm cov hniav hens cia lawv kom incubate lub clutch nrog tsis muaj ntau tshaj 10 qe. Yog li ntawd, yog hais tias koj xav tau ntau chickens - siv ib tug incubator los pab cov poj qaib.

Tom qab ntawd nws yuav yog qhov zoo rau nws tsav tsheb thiab nws cov qaib hnav. Cov yug tsiaj siv chicks ntawm no yug mus rau yug pheasants, quails thiab lwm yam tsawg noog. Thaum tus poj qaib zaum ntawm lub qe, nws xav tau zaub mov ntau dua li qub, thiab kom nkag tau mus ntxuav dej.

On tso cov nqaij qaib sim zaum nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav thiab lub caij ntuj sov. Xws li ib tsob ntoo me me yuav tsis tawm ntawm lub zes rau ib lub sij hawm ntev thiab yuav sim ua kom ntxog txawm tias ib lub qe. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov milfleur yog qhov peev xwm los zaum ntawm lub zes txog 3 zaug ib lub caij.

Kev Ntsuas Kev Ua

Milfleros yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm qhov muag cawv, thiab txawm li cas los xij, lawv tseem hnyav dua li 800 g. Cov qe tsis zoo ntawm cov hens tsis tshaj 110 qe ib xyoo nrog ib qhov hnyav ntawm 30 g. Qhov siab tshaj plaws tsim tau poob rau xyoo ob ntawm qe-tso.

Nws tseem ceeb heev! Productivity cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov teeb meem ntawm kev rog. Yog tias koj overfeed tus hens, lawv yuav ntxiv hnyav, tab sis yuav tsis tshua yuav tau nqa.

Nyob luj qaib thiab qaib

Tus txheej txheem nyob qhov hnyav ntawm lub qaib yog 700-800 g, ntawm ib tug poj qaib - 500-700 g Thaum tsib lub hlis nrog kev noj haus zoo, cov tsiaj nyeg nce 80% ntawm qhov hnyav. Milfleura nqaij muaj zoo saj thiab yog kev noj haus, vim hais tias muaj roj tsawg.

Puberty, qe ntau lawm thiab qe loj

Qhov tsim tau ntawm hens rau ib xyoo yog 100-110 qe ntawm dawb los yog cream xim uas kwv yees txog 30 g. Cov hens pib nteg qe hauv 5-6 lub hlis. Cov noob qes ntawm thawj xyoo yog me me, tab sis ntau delicious. Nyob rau hauv ob xyoo ntawm lub neej, lub qe ua loj thiab ncav cuag 35-37 g.

Yuav noj dab tsi

Nyob rau hauv noj milflerov siv qhuav, ntub thiab ua ke pub. Cov hmoov qab zib yuav tsum yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm pob kws, barley, hom qoob mog, millet. Cov zaub mov ntub (mash) yog npaj rau hauv cov zaub nqaij los yog cov khoom noj siv mis. Cov qauv no muaj xws li: crushed grain, nqaij thiab pob txha noj mov, roj ncuav qab zib, bran, ntses noj mov. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov hauv paus zaub, bran thiab zaub yog pib hauv kev noj haus.

Peb pom zoo kom nyeem txog yuav ua li cas muab nqaij thiab pob txha noj mov thiab bran nqaij qaib.

Qaib

Txhua hnub cov qaib muaj peev xwm pub nrog cov dej hau ua npauj npau thiab finely tws qe. Nyob rau hauv lub trough ncuav chamomile decoction. Hauv thawj lub limtiam ntawm kev loj hlob, cov zaub ntsuab (beet saum, plantain), cov zaub ua si, cov cheese, thiab yogurt yog ntxiv rau cov nqaij qaib.

Cov sij hawm pub qaib:

  • 1 lub lim tiam - 8 zaug;
  • 2 lub lim tiam - 7 zaug;
  • 3-4 lub lim tiam - 5 zaug;
  • 5-6 lub lim tiam - 4 zaug.
Tom ntej no, muaj peb lub sijhawm noj mov.
Nyeem ntxiv txog kev npaj noj rau cov qaib thiab rau cov noog laus nrog koj txhais tes.

Muab cov yau yau nrog kev noj haus, lub zog thiab kab kawm, kev noj haus muaj xws li:

  • 70% ntawm lis pub;
  • 30% - ntub mash, nrog rau kua txiv, poov xab, nqaij thiab pob txha noj, zaub, zaub ntsuab.
Thaum lub sij hawm lub caij nyoog loj hlob, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev rau cov me nyaum qaib kom muaj xuas khoom noj nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm cov vitamins thiab minerals.

Yog tias koj tsis muaj sijhawm txaus los npaj koj tus kheej pub mis, koj tuaj yeem siv cov khoom pub pub muaj:

  • rau cov qaib - "Pib";
  • rau cov tsiaj nyeg - "fattening";
  • rau cov neeg laus noog - "Tag Nrho".
Koj puas paub? Cov neeg tsis tau ib txwm nce qaib kom tau qe thiab nqaij. Kev xaiv cov khoom ntawm Indian Brahmins tau raws li kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov tsiaj qus Banya qaib. Thiab cov qub suav tshwj xeeb hauv txoj kev tuaj yeem ua kom zoo zoo, txij li thaum tus cwj pwm ntawm ornamental chickens tau txhais raws li cov ntsiab lus mystical rau neeg los ntawm cov xwm los yog deities.

Cov neeg laus qaib

Nws yog tsim nyog los noj lub chickens 3 zaug ib hnub twg: nyob rau hauv thaum sawv ntxov thiab nyob rau hauv thaum yav tsaus ntuj nrog grain, thiab yav tav su nrog mash. Qhov niaj hnub tus nqi ntawm grain - 50-60 g ib 1 nqaij qaib, nrog rau cov germinated grain.

Khoom noj khoom haus yog faib raws li hauv qab no:

  • thawj pub mis - 30%;
  • thib ob pub mis - 30%;
  • Qhov thib peb pub mis - 40%.

Cov lus ntawm lub grain sweep:

  • pob kws - 40%;
  • nplej - 25%;
  • lwm yam nplej - 35%.
Kawm yuav ua li cas kom tau cov qoob nplej.

Germinated grain yuav hloov mus txog li 20% ntawm grain sib tov. Ornamental breeds yog heev xav tau ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm B vitamins thiab proteins. Tus nqi txaus ntawm cov tsiaj txhu yog nyob hauv cov ntshav dej. Ntxiv nrog rau cov proteins, whey yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv cov vitamins ntawm pab pawg B, ascorbic acid, kab kawm - poov tshuaj, magnesium, phosphorus, hlau. Germinated grain tsis yog tsuas yog ib tug biostimulant active, tab sis kuj yog ib tug txhais tau tias ntawm kev txhawb ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm plab hnyuv microflora, thiab raws li ib qho zoo heev antioxidant uas normalizes ua hauj lwm ntawm intestine thiab tshem tawm cov co toxins los ntawm lub cev ntawm tus noog.

Vitamins ntawm pab pawg B nkag mus rau hauv lub cev ntawm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg nrog xua, quav, cheese thiab ntses pluas mov. Qhov no pab pawg neeg ntawm cov vitamins yog nyob rau hauv lub normalization ntawm digestive thiab cov kev ua me nyuam.

Cov kab ke txhua hnub yuav tsum muaj:

  • Calcium nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm chalk, plhaub crushed, tsev cheese;
  • vitamins thiab minerals - nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm zaub thiab tws zaub;
  • nplua feem gravel - los txhim kho cov khoom noj khoom haus.
Lub caij ntuj no noj zaub mov yuav tsum muaj ntau dua-calorie, uas yuav daws tau los ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus pub thiab nce qhov qoob ib feem ntawm qhov pub los ntawm 30%.

Ntsiab Lus

Tsis zoo li lwm cov neeg txheeb ze ntawm Bantamock, milflera yog yoog rau cov huab cua txias thiab hnov ​​zoo nyob rau sab qaum teb latitudes.

Ntawm cov nta ntawm cov txij nkawm ntawm cov nqaij tsiaj qus nco:

  • qhov xav tau kev noj haus zoo;
  • tseem muaj peev xwm tswj tau thaj chaw me me;
  • qhov kev xav tau rau lub caij ua haujlwm ntawm cov noog thiab cov nqaij qaib vaj tsev los ntawm cab.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Rau cov kev kho mob ntawm cov noog ntawm cov ntshauv, fleas thiab lwm yam cab siv cov pa aerosol. Kev tuav cov nqaij qaib, koj tuaj yeem xa cov tshuaj tsuag rau ntawm lub taub hau ntawm tus noog. Thiab thaum twg ua ib tug cws coop, nws yog ib qhov tsim nyog yuav tsiv mus noog cov noog ntawm nws rau tsawg kawg 8-10 hom sijhawm.

Yuav tsum muaj lub tsev

Rau ib pab tsiaj ntawm 10 chickens thiab ib tug rooster muaj txaus cheeb tsam ntawm 1 sq. Qhov siab loj - qaib coop 1.5 x 2 m. Qhov kub hauv qhov nqaij qaib coop yuav tsum tsis pub dhau + 15-24 ° C. Lub zog ntawm huab cua nyob hauv lub tsev nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov contributes rau qhov muab tshem tawm cov dej los ntawm lub cev, vim tias qhov no yog cov noog tsawg dua li ib txwm.

Peb qhia koj kom paub txog kev xaiv cov nqaij qaib coop thaum muas, yuav ua li cas yuav ua rau ib tug qaib coop los ntawm ib lub tsev cog khoom, yuav ua li cas rau tsim ib tug coop coop rau lub caij ntuj no, yuav ua li cas los kho nws, li cas kom sov lub cij coop nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no, thiab tseem yuav ua li cas ua qhov cua thiab teeb nyob rau hauv lub nqaij coop coop.

Qhov ntsuas kub hauv qab + 15 ° C nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos zeeg coop nyob rau lub caij ntuj no ua rau cov noog siv lub zog tau txais los ntawm kev pub kom muaj lub cev kub. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, lub chickens kuj rush tsawg, vim hais tias qe-tso yuav tsum tau mus txog 40% ntawm lub zog tau txais los ntawm pub.

Cov khoom noj qaib hauv tsev:

  • Roosting Txij li thaum milfleros hlub thiab paub yuav ua li cas ya, lawv ua rau lawv zoo siab nyob rau hauv ntau theem (kauj ruam), yog li ntawd txhua tus noog yuav xaiv rau nws tus kheej qhov siab qhov siab. Qhov kev tsim txom lawv ua tiav nrog tus ntaiv.
  • Paul Plhaws rau cov ceg yuav tsum tau ntxuav hauv pem teb. Ua li no, lub npog npog tsev ntawm lub tsev yog ua kom muaj cua sov hauv tsev, qhov uas thaiv kom zoo rau hauv cov dej, thiab tom qab ntawd ces yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv av.
  • Kev huv Lub xub ntiag ntawm sawdust, straw, qhuav nplooj yog pub rau hauv pem teb. Qhov litter no yuav tsum tsis txhob ntub lossis qias neeg.
  • Cua kub, qhov cua. Lub tsev yog insulated, qhov cua qhov system thiab khoom neeg tsim teeb pom kev zoo raug ntsia. Rau kev pom teeb pom kev zoo, siv cov roj fluorescent. Qhov cua tuaj yeem ua khoom plig thiab ua pa nrog rau tus kiv cua. Cua kub tuaj yeem ua tau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub tshuab ua hluav taws xob, lub tshuab pa lossis lwm qhov cua sov.
  • Cov khoom hauv tsev. Nyob rau hauv lub tsev teem dej thiab feeders. Cov yug menyuam tau muaj kev tu cev ntau dua - cov neeg haus dej haus cawv thiab cov nqaij noj yuav tsum huv thiab tsis tu ncua. Rau kev ntub dej qhuav thiab qhuav, yuav tsum tau noj ntau dua.
    Tej zaum koj yuav xav nyeem txog qhov yuav ua li cas thiaj ua tau ib lub cug, ib lub tawb, ib qho aviary, ib lub zes, muaj kev ywj pheej thiab haus dej rau cov nqaij qaib.

  • Tshauv da dej. Tiv thaiv cov ntshauv thiab lwm cov cab cab, cov ntoo tshauv dai rau hauv lub tsev me, tab sis ntxiv rau qhov no, cov hluav taws tseem tau nchuav rau hauv khib nyiab - qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov quav.

Taug kev vaj tsev

Rau 10 chickens, ib tug taug kev mev nrog ib tug loj ntawm 2-4 square meters yog txaus. Lub vaj yuav tsum tau them nrog lub vas kom cov qaib tawm ntawm tawg. Nws yuav zoo dua yog tias txoj kev taug kev yuav txav tau. Hauv kev txiav txim rau cov qaib ua si yooj yim, mus rau hauv av yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv cov nyom, sandstone los yog me me gravel. Lwm hom ntawm cov av tej zaum yuav raug taw ko taw plumage.

Yuav ua li cas kom ntxeem lub caij ntuj no txias

Ntawm tag nrho cov kab mob ntses, ua rau lub cev txias dua zoo dua lwm tus thiab hais txog pob zeb-tiv thaiv cov pob zeb. Tab sis lawv yuav tsum tsis txhob mus rau hauv cov daus - lub plumage ntawm cov ceg yuav ntub thiab khov. Noog taug kev zoo ntawm qhov kub ntawm 0 degrees uas tsis muaj av, puddles, daus.

Yuav kom tswj lub qe qhuav nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no, lawv yuav tsum tau ib tug sov nqaij qaib coop. Lub phab ntsa ntawm lub tsev yog insulated nrog pob zeb hauv av ntaub plaub, eco-wool los yog lwm yam rwb thaiv tsev. Cov khoom yuav tsum tiv taus cov kabmob thiab kab tsuag, muaj cov thermal rwb thaiv tsev thiab tsis nqus dej noo. Yog hais tias qhov kub ntawm cov nqaij qaib coop poob qab hauv qab +17 ° C, ces tus qaib tej zaum yuav nres dov.

Koj puas paub? Los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov cim ntawm kev pe hawm, chickens yog meej champions ntawm noog. Dluab ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov nqaij qaib txawv txawv lawm minted ntawm npib ntawm 16 lub teb chaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb.

Muaj zog thiab qaug zog

Cov kev tsim txiaj ntawm milfleur:

  • siab zoo nkauj zoo nkauj;
  • ntau hom xim;
  • Frost tsis kam thiab adaptability rau lub neej nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws qaum teb;
  • simplicity ntawm cov ntsiab lus;
  • muaj peev xwm haum nyob rau hauv ib tug me me coop;
  • tsim tus menyuam kev xav;
  • pab tiv thaiv.

Koj puas paub? Nws ntseeg hais tias muaj ntau tshaj li 700 tawm ntawm cov qaib nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb, tab sis tsuas yog 180 ntawm lawv tau piav qhia los ntawm cov qauv kev ua lag luam poultry. Ib qho ntawm cov qauv nrov tshaj plaws cais cov pob zeb los ntawm thaj chaw.
Kev yug menyuam:
  • hniav milflorki yuav tsis coj koj cov nyiaj tau los hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov nqaij lossis coob tus qe;
  • qhov muaj ntawm feathered paws yuav tsum tau nce xim mus rau hauv pem teb ntawm nqaij qaib coop thiab taug kev cheeb tsam;
  • Chickens xav tau zoo noj haus.
Cov kev zoo nkauj ntawm lub milfleur ua rau cov tsiaj tsis tshua muaj neeg nyiam ntawm breeders. Thiab lub siab nyiam ntawm cov qaib yog xws li hais tias nyob rau hauv lawv cov teb chaws lawv khaws cia raws li tsiaj.

Kev txheeb xyuas los ntawm lub network

Milfleur feem ntau zoo nkauj yug. Cov no yog lub teeb, mobile qaib. Cov noog muaj lub siab tawv. Lub taub hau me me. Taw feathered. Cov txiv neej nyob rau ntawm qhov ntawm tus cwj pwm yog tu heev. Cov noog me thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas saib xyuas lawv cov hens Cov noog tsis muaj qhov tsis txaus siab rau qhov chaw ntawm kev pub mis thiab tsev. Nyob qhov hnyav, kg nqaij qaib 0.6-0.7 Cockerel 0.7-0.8 Cov qe qhuav, pcs 110-120
Andreik
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Kuv kuj muaj cov qaib (isabella). Lawv yog cov tseem ceeb heev thiab ntxim hlub, ntau dua li cov kittens. Tsis loving lawv tsuas yog tsis tau. Tsis zoo li cov qaib loj, kuv cia kom lawv tawm hauv lub vaj, lawv tsis khawb thiab lawv tsis khoob dab tsi, thiab yav tsaus ntuj lawv tau sib sau ua ke nyob rau hauv lub tsev me nyuam tub ze ntawm lub qhov rooj. Koj tuaj, rub lawv hauv ib txhais tes thiab hauv lub tawb, lawv noj ib me ntsis, lawv kuj coj me ntsis chaw thiab lawv zoo heev. Qhov no yog kuv txoj kev hlub
Liudmila
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