Ib tug neeg twg uas tsis to taub cov nceb noj, tsuas yog siv lawv lub tsev muag khoom xwb. Tom qab tag nrho, champignons thiab oyster nceb, zus nyob rau hauv lub hnub khoom neeg tsim, txhawb ntxiv cog qoob loo dua li tej khoom plig tsis paub. Tab sis muaj tseeb mushroom pickers yuav tsis muaj peev xwm txaus siab nrog saj ntawm txiv hmab txiv ntoo tsis smelling ntawm koob thiab tsis ntxuav nyob rau hauv thaum sawv ntxov dew. Tau, thiab tsis lees paub koj tus kheej taug kev mus tom hav zoov rau hnub so tawm tsis yooj yim. Yog li cia wb mus saib cov cim nrig ntawm qhov nrov cov nceb nceb hauv peb thaj av.
Txheem:
- Cov nceb: Cov duab thiab cov npe
- Dawb mushroom
- Hma
- Thauj khoom
- Chanterelle
- Oyster
- Garland
- Mokhovik
- Oiler
- Boletus
- Russula
- Boletus
- Redhead
- Champignon
- Truffle
- Shiitake
- Dubovik
- Tham nrog
- Golovach
- Semi dawb lub nceb
- Cov cai ntawm kev sau cov nceb
- Yees duab: cov cai rau khaws cov nceb
- Thawj zaug pabcuam rau lom
- Video: Mushroom lom
Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov nceb nce
Tag nrho cov kev lom neeg ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiab kev sib txawv ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tsuas yog tsis tuaj yeem mus cuag. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm ntau pawg neeg uas muaj sia nyob, uas tau los ua ib feem ntawm cov kab mob hauv ntiaj teb thiab cov dej hauv dej. Niaj hnub no cov kws tshawb fawb paub ntau hom ntawm nceb lub nceeg vaj, tab sis hnub no tsis muaj pes tsawg tus xov tooj nyob rau hauv tej lub ntsiab lus scientific. Nyob rau hauv ntau cov ntaub ntawv, tus naj npawb ntawm cov nceb nceb ntawm 100 txhiab rau 1.5 lab. Nws yog tus cwj pwm uas txhua hom yog muab faib rau hauv chav kawm, txiav txim, thiab kuj muaj ntau lub npe ntawm cov npe thiab cov ntsiab lus. Yog li ntawd, tau poob ntawm no yog cia li yooj yim xws li tom hav zoov.
Koj puas paub? Qhov feem ntau txawv fungus nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb contemporaries xav plasmodium, uas loj hlob nyob rau hauv central Russia. Qhov creature ntawm xwm tau taug kev. Muaj tseeb, nws tsiv ntawm kev ceev 1 metre ntawm ob peb hnub.Cov nceb noj tau raug txiav txim tias cov qauv uas tau pub rau noj thiab tsis muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv. Lawv txawv ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo lom ze los ntawm cov qauv ntawm lub paj hlwb, cov xim thiab cov duab ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, thiab tsis hnov tsw thiab saj. Lawv peculiarity yog cov zaub mov gastronomic siab. Nws tsis xav tias qhov ntawm cov nceb noj tau muaj cov npe ntawm cov nceb - "zaub nqaij" thiab "cov noog tom hav zoov".
Sib ntsib nrog cov hom nroj tsuag ntawm cov nceb.Nws yog scientifically pov thawj tias tej txiaj ntsim ntawm qhov xwm txheej yog nplua nuj:
- cov nqaijrog;
- amino acids;
- mycosis thiab glycogen (meej fungal qab zib);
- potassium;
- phosphorus;
- leej faj;
- magnesium;
- sodium;
- calcium uas;
- chlorine;
- vitamins (A, C, PP, D, tag nrho pawg B);
- enzymes (sawv cev los ntawm amylase, lactase, oxidase, zymase, protease, cytase, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb vim tias lawv txhim kho qhov khoom noj khoom haus).
Koj puas paub? Ntawm tag nrho nceb lub nceeg vaj, Chorioactis george nceb yuav raug xam tias yog rarest specimen, uas txhais tau hais tias "dab ntxwg nyoog yeeb". Nws pom muaj nyob rau hauv raug rho tawm ntawm tsuas yog nyob rau hauv central aav ntawm Texas thiab nyob rau ib co ntawm Islands tuaj ntawm Nyiv. Ib qho cim tshwj xeeb ntawm no qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb yog ib qho kev xuav, uas yog hnov thaum ib tug nceb tawm tawm hauv cov hlab ntsha..Raws li cov khoom noj khoom haus ntawm cov nceb, Cov kws tshawb fawb Soviet tau muab faib rau cov khoom noj tau ua rau 4 yam:
- Boletus nceb, nceb thiab nceb.
- Boletus nceb, aspen nceb, duboviki, roj, tsis, whitegrass thiab champignons.
- Mokhovikov, valui, russula, chanterelles, morels thiab lub caij nplooj zeeg zib agarics.
- Ryadovki, raincoats thiab lwm yam me ntsis-paub, tsis tshua muaj sau ceev nrooj.
Nws yuav nthuav kom paub yuav ua li cas kom paub qhov txawv daj ntseg toadstool thiab poisonous nceb loj hlob on ntoo, los ntawm edible tsis thiab boletus.Cov pib nceb yuav pib kawm txog txoj cai ntawm "kev yos hav zoov uas nyob ntsiag to": ib qho hnyuv ntxwm tuaj yeem ua rau tag nrho cov phom tua hav zoov nyob hauv ib lub pob tawb. Yog li, yog tias koj pom muaj cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo hauv cov qoob loo ntawm qoob loo, xa tag nrho cov khoom rau hauv cov khib nyiab tsis tau khuv xim. Tom qab tag nrho, kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev qaug cawv tsis suav nrog kev sib piv nrog lub sijhawm thiab kev siv zog.
Cov nceb: Cov duab thiab cov npe
Ntawm tag nrho cov ntau yam ntawm edible nceb paub rau noob neej, tsuas yog ib ob peb txhiab tau suav. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus tsov ntxhuav txoj kev sib koom ntawm lawv tau mus rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm fleshy micromycetes. Xav txog cov hom nrov tshaj plaws.
Koj puas paub? Cov mushroom giants tiag tiag tau pom los ntawm cov Neeg Asmeskas nyob hauv xyoo 1985 hauv xeev Wisconsin thiab Oregon. Thawj pom zoo nrog nws 140-phaus phaus, thiab lub thib ob - nrog thaj chaw ntawm ib tug mycelium, uas coj txog ib txhiab hectares.
Dawb mushroom
Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv botanical no lub hav zoov trophy yog hu ua boletus lossis pocket (Boletus edulis). Nyob rau hauv txhua txhua hnub lub neej nws yog hu ua Pravdivtsev, Dubrovnik, Shirak thiab Belas. Qhov ntau yam belongs rau genus Boletov thiab yog suav hais tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho cov paub rov qab nceb. Nyob rau hauv Ukraine, nws yog tsis nquag thiab tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm los ntawm thaum ntxov lub caij ntuj sov mus rau nruab nrab-Autumn nyob rau hauv deciduous thiab coniferous hav zoov. Feem ntau, boletus nceb yuav nrhiav tau nyob hauv cov tawv nqaij, oaks, hornbeams, ntoo hauv ntoo, ntoo ntoo thiab pines.
Qhia koj tus kheej xws li xws li nceb li: Dabntxwnyoog tus vajntxwv, tus npua thiab tus qauv.Nws yog yam ntxwv uas koj tuaj yeem pom ob tus tshaum coj mus kuaj nrog lub kaus mom me me, thiab razlapistye, nyob rau hauv uas txhais ceg yog plaub zaug me dua lub thawv. Classical variations ntawm boletus yog:
- ib lub kaus mom uas muaj cov kabmob uas muaj 3 mus rau 20cm, ib lub txiv kabmob, muaj ib lub xim daj uas muaj xim liab lossis liab tis (qhov xim ntawm lub hau yog nyob ntawm qhov chaw loj hlob ntawm cov fungus: nyob rau hauv cov pines nws yog ntshav-xim av, hauv cov ntoo qhib-ntseej lossis txiv roj ntsuab, thiab nyob rau hauv cov tawv nqaij - lub teeb xim av);
- ceg 4 mus rau 15 cm ntev nrog lub ntim ntawm 2-6 cm club-puab, cream-xim nrog ib grayish los yog xim av zas;
- ib kab sib chaws ntawm cov xim dawb rau saum ib sab ntawm ceg;
- lub pulp yog ntom, muaj kua-dawb, dawb, uas tsis hloov thaum txiav;
- spores spindle-shaped daj-txiv ntsej tawv xim, li 15-18 microns loj;
- ib lub qhov cub ntawm lub teeb thiab greenish tones (nyob ntawm lub hnub nyoog ntawm lub fungus), uas yog yooj yim sib cais los ntawm lub hau;
- qhov tsis hnov tsw ntawm qhov kev txiav yog qhov qab ntxiag.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Borovik yog feem ntau tsis meej pem nrog kev mob siab. Cov no yog cov nceb hauv cov phom, uas yog qhov txawv ntawm pinkish spores, dub mesh nyob rau daim kab xev thiab iab nqaij.Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias qhov tseeb dawb nceb, lub tev ntawm lub hau yog tsis txhob muab tshem tawm. Nyob rau hauv Ukraine, sau harvesting ntawm no hav zoov trophies yog nqa tawm tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam Carpathian thiab nyob rau hauv Polesie. Lawv yog cov tsim nyog rau noj tshiab, rau ziab, txuag, salting, pickling. Traditional tshuaj qhia txog kev pib ntawm Belas nyob rau hauv kev noj haus nrog angina, tuberculosis, frostbite, poob ntawm lub zog thiab anemia.
Hma
Cov khoom plig no yog xam raws li txoj cai. Lawv noj tsuas yog los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv cheeb tsam sab qaum teb ntawm lub ntiaj teb, thiab Europeans tsis paub lawv rau zaub mov. Botanists hu rau cov nceb no Lactárius torminósus, thiab mushroom pickers - callus nceb, broths thiab rubella. Lawv sawv cev rau tsev neeg Syeraezhkov ntawm Mlechnik, yog liab dawb thiab dawb.
Kawm yuav ua li cas kom qhuav oyster nceb, pickle chanterelles, khov nceb, qus nceb, chanterelles, oyster nceb thiab dawb nceb.Pink vuag yog peculiar rau:
- ib lub hau nrog ib txoj kab uas nyob ntawm 4 mus rau 12 cm, nrog lub sib sib zog nqus recess nyob hauv nruab nrab thiab convex, pubescent sawv, daj liab los yog grayish tint, uas darkens thaum kov;
- ceg qhov siab ntawm li 3-6 cm nrog ib lub cheeb ntawm 1 mus rau 2 cm, ib tug cylindrical duab, ib tug muaj zog thiab ywj qauv nrog ib tug kev pubescence on ib tug daj ntseg pink saum npoo;
- cream los yog kab mob dawb;
- cov phiaj yog nquag thiab nqaim, uas yog ib txwm interspersed nrog intermediate week;
- cov nqaij yog tuab thiab tawv, dawb nyob rau hauv cov xim, tsis hloov thaum txiav, thiab yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm ntau, ntsim saj, juicing.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Mushroom pickers yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias qhov kev kub ntxhov yog tus cwj pwm txawv, uas nyob ntawm lawv lub hnub nyoog. Piv txwv, lub kaus mom tuaj yeem hloov xim ntawm daj-txiv kab ntxwv mus rau lub teeb ntsuab, thiab daim hlau - los ntawm pinkish mus rau daj.Dawb vuag yog txawv:
- ib lub hau nrog ib txoj kab uas plaub ntawm 4 mus rau 8 xuab moos nrog daim tawv nqaij pubenscent dawb (nyob rau hauv cov qauv hnyav nws qhov saum npoo yog smoother thiab daj);
- ceg qhov siab ntawm 2 mus rau 4 xuab moos nrog ib ntim txog li 2 cm, ib hom cylindrical nrog ib tug tsis tshua hairiness, ntom qauv thiab tsis xim;
- cov nqaij yog me ntsis fragrant, dawb nyob rau hauv cov xim, nrog ib tug ntom tab sis taus kev;
- cov kab mob ntawm cov xim dawb lossis xim;
- cov phiaj yog nqaim thiab nquag;
- milky dawb kua txiv, uas tsis pauv thaum interacting nrog cov pa thiab yog characterized los ntawm acacia.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Nws yog qhov yooj yim kom paub qhov txawv ntawm qhov txawv ntawm lwm cov nceb paj los ntawm plaub hau ntawm lub hau.Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub tom kawg version, cov nqaij ua xim av nyob rau hauv cov xim, uas tsis saib aesthetically pleasing. Cov khoom ua tsis zoo tsis zoo yog cov tshuaj lom tau, tuaj yeem tsim kev mob ntawm cov hnyuv thiab cov tsos mob ntawm cov hnyuv membranes. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntsev, pub mus rau noj tsis dhau ib teev tom qab salting.
Thauj khoom
Cov tsiaj kuj yog cov Syraezhkov tsev neeg ntawm Mlechnikov. Hauv kev tshawb nrhiav, qhov nceb yuav raug xaiv Lactárius résimus, thiab nyob rau hauv txhua txhua hnub lub neej nws yog hu ua cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo tiag tiag. Tshaj tawm, qhov nceb no yog tshwm sim los ntawm:
- ib lub hau nrog ib txoj kab uas muaj 5 mus txog 20 cm funnel-puab nrog hnyav hnoos hauv cov npoo, nrog ib daim tawv nqaij ntawm daim tawv nqaij los yog xim daj daj ntub;
- ceg nce mus txog 7 cm ntawm ntim txog 5 cm, cylindrical, yellowish, nrog ib tug saum npoo thiab hollow hauv;
- pulp khoom dawb nrog ib tug txiv hmab txiv ntoo tsis hnov tsw;
- spores ntawm daj tsos nqaij daim tawv;
- cov phiaj yog nquag thiab dav, dawb-daj;
- cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog cov qwj rau cov saj, dawb hauv cov xim, uas nyob rau hauv cov chaw hauv cov dej hloov mus qis daj.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Mobility yog hloov los ntawm kev sib txawv: cov laus nceb noj ua rau sab hauv, lawv daim hlau tig daj, thiab xim av spotting yuav tshwm nyob rau hauv lub hau.
Chanterelle
Qhov no nceb mushroom nrog ib daim ntawv peculiar yog nyob rau ntawm xa ntawv nyiaj muas ntawm Romania, Moldova, Belarus. Qhov no chanterelle (Cantharellus cibarius) nruab nrab yog genus Cantarelova. Ntau tus yuav pom nws los ntawm:
- cap - nrog ib txoj kab uas hla ntawm 2.5 mus rau 5 cm, uas yog kev ua los ntawm asymmetrical protuberances ntawm cov npoo thiab ib lub cim zoo li leuke zoo li nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, tawv daj thiab smoothness ntawm qhov chaw;
- ceg - luv luv (txog 4 cm siab), npliag thiab khoom, zoo tib yam nyob rau hauv cov xim rau lub hau;
- kev tsis txaus siab - qhov ntau thiab tsawg tsis pub tshaj 9.5 microns;
- daim hlau - nqaim, nplaum, ci xim daj;
- pulp - qhov sib txawv thiab qhov elasticity, dawb los yog me ntsis yellowish, nrog ib tug qab ntxiag aroma thiab saj.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Tiag tiag chanterelles feem ntau tsis meej pem nrog lawv cov menyuam ntxaib. Yog li ntawd, thaum harvesting koj yuav tsum tau them nyiaj tshwj xeeb rau cov xim ntawm lub pulp ntawm lub trophy. Nyob rau hauv psevdolisichek nws yog daj-txiv kab ntxwv los yog daj ntseg liab.Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, nco ntsoov tias nyob rau hauv hav zoov sawv ntawm no tsiaj tsis yog. Nyob rau hauv ua noj ua haus, chanterelles yog feem ntau consumed tshiab, pickled, salted thiab qhuav. Lawv yog cov ua los ntawm ib qho kev qhia tshwj xeeb thiab saj. Cov kws tshaj lij hais tias qhov no ntau tshaj tag nrho cov fungi uas paub txog noob neej los ntawm cov kab mob ntawm carotene, tab sis tsis pom zoo nyob rau hauv loj qhov ntau vim hais tias nws yog nyuaj rau digest nyob rau hauv lub cev.
Oyster
Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb, oyster nceb ua ke yog hu ua oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatu) thiab muaj hom tsiaj txhu. Qhov tseeb yog hais tias lawv spores muaj peev xwm ntawm tuag tes tuag taw thiab digesting nematodes nyob rau hauv cov av. Nyob rau hauv no txoj kev, lub cev compensates rau nws cov kev xav nitrogen. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus tsiaj yog xam ntoo-destructive, raws li nws hlob nyob rau hauv pawg neeg ntawm stumps thiab trunks ntawm tsis muaj zog nyob nroj tsuag, zoo li on deadwood. Kab nceb feem ntau yuav nrhiav tau ntawm oaks, noog ntoo, roob tshauv, txiv ntoo, thiab cov ntoo aspen. Raws li txoj cai, cov no yog khwv tau los ntawm 30 los yog ntau daim uas loj hlob ua ke nyob rau ntawm lub hauv paus thiab daim ntawv ntau qhov loj hlob. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim kom pom cov nceb nceb los ntawm cov yeeb yam nram qab no:
- lub kaus mom ntawm lub kauj tsiv mus txog 5-30 cm, heev fleshy, npawv ntsej muag-ntsej muag nrog xiav npoo (cov tub ntxhais hluas muaj cov kabmob, thiab nyob rau hauv neeg laus plag), lub qhov ci ntsa iab thiab lub cev tsis muaj zog uas yog ciam teb nrog ashen, violet-brown thiab faded qias neeg daj ntxoov;
- mycelial quav hniav yog tam sim no nyob rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntawm nceb uas loj hlob hauv thaj chaw noo;
- ceg mus txog 5 cm ntev thiab 0.8-3 cm tuab, tej zaum yuav luag imperceptible, ntom, qauv cylindrical;
- cov paib nyias nyias, txog li 15 hli dav dav, muaj cov nyob ze cov ceg, lawv cov xim txawv ntawm dawb mus rau daj-grey;
- spores yog tus, tsis muaj xim, elongated, mus txog rau 13 microns loj;
- lub pulp nrog lub hnub nyoog ua ntau tshaj ywj siab thiab poob siab juiciness, fibrous, tsis tsis hnov tsw, muaj ib tug anise tsw.
Koj puas paub? Ukrainian mycelium los ntawm Volyn - Nina Danilyuk - nyob rau hauv 2000, tswj kom nrhiav tau ib tug giant boletus, uas tsis haum nyob rau hauv ib lub thoob thiab weighed txog 3 kg. Nws txhais ceg ncav 40 cm, thiab lub npuaj kab thaiv - 94 cm.Vim lub fact oyster qub mushroom nruj yog cov yam ntxwv, tsuas yog cov tub ntxhais hluas nceb yog haum rau cov khoom noj, lub caps ntawm uas tsis ntau tshaj 10 cm nyob rau hauv lub cheeb. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov ceg tshem tawm ntawm tag nrho cov trophies. Lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav caij nplooj ntoos zeeg pib lub Cuaj Hlis thiab kav ntev txog Xyoo Tshiab, nyob rau hauv cov huab cua zoo. Qhov ntau yam hauv peb cov latitudes tuaj yeem tsis totaub nrog rau txhua yam, tabsis rau cov neeg Australians muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm qhov tshuaj lom neeg omphalotus hauv lub thawv.
Garland
Zib zis agarics yog lub teb chaws lub npe ntawm ib pab pawg neeg ntawm nceb uas loj hlob ntawm nyob los yog tuag ntoo. Lawv yog cov sib txawv ntawm cov tsev neeg thiab cov tub lag tub luam, thiab kuj sib txawv hauv cov kev xav tau rau cov neeg mob. Autumn zaub mov nceb feem ntau yog siv rau cov khoom noj khoom haus. (Armillaria mellea), uas yog tsev neeg ntawm Fizalacria. Raws li ntau qhov kwv yees ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, lawv tsim nyog raws li qhov xwm txheej los yog feem ntau tsis tag. Piv txwv, ntawm cov Western Gourmets, casts tsis nyob rau hauv kev thov thiab raug suav tias yog ib qho khoom tsawg. Thiab nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Europe - qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov nyiam tshaj trophies ntawm mushroom pickers.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Cov nceb hauv qaug zog ua rau muaj kev tsis haum tshuaj thiab noj zaub mov tsis zoo hauv neeg..Cov nceb yuav pom tau yooj yim los ntawm cov paib sab nraud. Lawv muaj:
- ib lub hau nyob rau hauv kab uas siv li ntawm 10 cm, uas yog ib lub hnub nyoog ntawm ib lub hnub nyoog thiab ib lub dav hlau nyob rau hauv ib lub mos lwj, nws muaj ib qho chaw saum npoo thiab xim ntsuab-xim ntsuab;
- lub qia yog khoom, daj-xim av, los ntawm 8 mus rau 10 cm ntev nrog lub ntim ntawm 2 cm, nrog me me flaky teev;
- cov phiaj yog nyias, dawb-cream-xim, tsaus nrog lub hnub nyoog kom pinkish-xim av ntxoov;
- dawb spores, mus txog 6 microns loj, muaj cov duab ntawm ib lub dav ellipse;
- lub cev nqaij daim tawv yog dawb, muaj kua, nrog ib tug zoo qab haus huv thiab saj, ntom thiab fleshy on kaus mom, thiab fibrous thiab coarse on qia.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Thaum xaiv zib muus nceb, ceev faj. Cov xim ntawm lawv lub cap yog nyob ntawm cov av uas lawv loj tuaj. Piv txwv li, cov qauv uas tshwm sim ntawm cov pob, mulberry thiab acacia yog qhov txawv ntawm cov pob zeb-daj tones, cov zus los ntawm elderberry yog tsaus grey, los ntawm cov qoob loo uas muaj cov kab mob muaj xim liab-xim av, thiab ntawm cov ntoo qhib yog xim av. Feem ntau cov neeg rhaug tshem tawm tsis meej pem nrog kev dag. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub pob tawb koj yuav tsum muab tsuas yog cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo uas muaj lub nplhaib ntawm ceg.
Mokhovik
Большинство грибников отдают предпочтение зеленым моховикам (Xerócomus subtomentósus), которые являются самыми распространенными в своем роде. Некоторые ботаники их зачисляют к боровикам. Этим плодам свойственны:
- ib lub hau nrog ib txoj kab uas siab tshaj plaws ntawm 16 cm, ib lub cushion-puab plab, ib lub velvety nto thiab ib tug yeeb nkab olive xim;
- ceg ntawm cylindrical duab, mus txog 10 cm siab thiab mus txog 2 cm tuab, nrog ib tug fibrous maub xim av mesh;
- spores xim av daj ntxoov ntxoo mus txog 12 microns;
- cov nqaij yog daus dawb, nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog oxygen, tej zaum yuav tau txais ib tug me ntsis xiav.
Koj puas paub? Txawm hais tias ya ya agaric yog suav tias yog tshuaj lom heev, tab sis tshuaj lom nyob rau hauv lawv yog cov tsawg dua hauv qhov daj ntseg toadstool. Piv txwv li, kom tau ib qho kev hnyav heev ntawm cov tshuaj mushroom, koj yuav tsum noj 4 kg ntawm amanita agaric. Thiab ib qho toadstool yog txaus rau tshuaj lom neeg 4 leej..
Oiler
Ntawm cov edible ntau yam ntawm bolet, dawb, hav iav, daj, Bollini, larch hom yog nrov. Nyob rau hauv peb cov latitudes, lub xeem variation yog nrov heev. Nws yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm:
- cap up to 15 cm inch, convex nyob rau hauv cov duab, nrog ib tug liab qab, nplaum saum npoo ntawm txiv qaub daj los yog saturated daj-xim txiv kab ntxwv xim;
- qia txog 12 cm siab thiab 3 cm dav, qws-zoo li, nrog cov grainy-mesh tawg tsam nyob rau sab saum toj, zoo li ib lub nplhaib, nws cov xim raws nraim sib sau nqi rau lub hau tonality;
- cov hlab ntsha yog cov tawv, daj ntseg daj, elliptical zoo lawm, mus txog 10 microns loj;
- lub cev nqaij daim tawv yog daj nrog ib tug txiv qaub tint, nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij yog brownish, mos, muaj kua nrog fibers nyuaj, nyob rau hauv qub nceb qhov seem tig pinkish ib me ntsis.
Koj puas paub? Truffles yog suav tias yog cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv lub ntiaj teb. Nyob rau hauv Fabkis, tus nqi ntawm ib kilogram ntawm no delicacy yeej tsis poob hauv qab 2 txhiab euros.
Boletus
Nyob rau hauv cov neeg no nceb tseem hu ua Chernogolovik thiab Berezovik. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv botanical nws yog hu ua Léccinum scábrum thiab nruab nrab yog cov genus Obabok. Lawv pom nws los ntawm:
- ib lub kaus mom nrog ib qho xim, uas txawv ntawm dawb mus rau grey-dub;
- plhaw-puab li soj ntsuam, nrog oblong tsaus thiab lub teeb teev;
- pulp ntawm cov xim dawb, uas tsis hloov thaum sib cuag nrog cov pa.
Russula
Cuam tshuam Syroezhkov tsev neeg thiab nqi txog tsib caug hom. Feem ntau ntawm lawv yog xam pom tias yog. Ib co ntau yam muaj qhov tom qab ntsim, uas yog ploj nrog ceev faj pre-soaking thiab noj cov khoom plig tom hav zoov. Ntawm tag nrho cov mushroom kingdom russula sawv tawm:
- nrog lub taub hau kheej kheej los sis prostrate (hauv qee lub nrws nws yuav yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib lub funnel), nrog dov ribbed npoo, thiab nrog rau daim tawv nqaij ntawm ib qho xim sib txawv;
- tus ceg yog cylindrical nyob rau hauv cov duab, nrog ib tug hollow los sis ntom qauv, dawb los yog xim;
- cov phiaj yog nquag, txhav, muag daj;
- cov hlwv dawb thiab daj daj tones;
- pulp yog spongy thiab heev fragile, dawb nyob rau hauv cov tub ntxhais hluas fungi thiab tsaus, thiab kuj reddish nyob rau hauv qub ones.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Russulae nrog cov pob zeb hlawv tawg yog lom. Ib qho me me ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo nyoos tuaj yeem ua rau muaj mob txob qis heev ntawm lub xoos mucous, ntuav thiab kiv taub hau..
Boletus
Fruiting ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm genus Obabok pib nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov lub caij ntuj sov thiab kav mus txog rau nruab nrab lub Cuaj Hli. Lawv tshwm sim feem ntau hauv cov chaw ntub dej hauv qab ntxoov ntoo. Tsis tshua muaj xws li ib lub qhab nees nyob rau hauv cov hav zoov coniferous. Aspen nceb yog nrov nyob rau hauv Russia, Estonia, Latvia, Belarus, nyob rau hauv Western Europe thiab North America. Cov cim qhia ntawm no cov hav zoov hav zoov:
- cap ntawm hemispherical duab, nrog ib ncig ntawm mus txog 25 cm, nrog ib tug liab qab los yog flee white-liab dej (tej zaum kuj muaj cov qauv nrog xim av, xiav thiab ntsuab tones ntawm daim tawv nqaij);
- pob txha caj dab, siab, dawb nrog xim av-xim nplai uas tshwm sim dhau sij hawm;
- xim kas fes;
- tubular txheej yog dawb-daj lossis grey-xim av;
- lub cev nqaij daim tawv yog muaj kua thiab dawb, dawb los yog daj, qee zaus xiav-ntsuab, thaum nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov pa oxygen sai sai tom qab ua ib plhaw tawv, tom qab uas nws rov qab dub (nyob rau hauv cov ceg txhuam mauve).
Koj puas paub? Nws tau raug pov thawj tias qhov nceb txog 400 plhom xyoo dhau los. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias lawv tshwm los ua ntej cov dinosaurs. Zoo li ferns, cov khoom plig ntawm xwm tau ntawm cov feem ntau ancient inhabitants ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Ntxiv mus, lawv cov kev tsis txaus siab tau hloov lawv tus kheej mus rau tej yam kev mob tshiab rau txhiab xyoo, mus txog rau tam sim no tuav tag nrho cov tsiaj qub.
Redhead
Cov neeg tau ntxim nyiam ntawm cov Syrjoraches genus conquered tag nrho cov mushroom pickers nrog lawv cov saj. Nyob rau hauv txhua txhua hnub lub neej, lawv yog hu ua nyeem los yog redheads, thiab nyob rau hauv scientific ntaub ntawv - Lactarius deliciosus. Kev sau yuav tsum raug xa mus thaum lub Yim Hli mus rau Lub Kaum Hli. Feem ntau, cov trophies no hauv cov chaw ntub hav zoov. Nyob rau hauv Ukraine, qhov no yog Polesie thiab Prikarpatye. Cov cim qhia ntawm nceb yog:
- ib lub hau nrog ib kab ntawm 3 mus rau 12 cm, ib hom leuciform, nplaum los ntawm kov, grey-txiv kab ntxwv nyob rau hauv cov xim, nrog concentric stripes tseeb;
- cov phiaj yog cov txiv kab ntxwv sib sib zog nqus, pib tig ntsuab thaum kov;
- worty spores, mus txog 7 microns;
- lub qia yog tuab heev, cov xim sib raug rau lub hau nrog qhov tseeb, nce mus txog 7 cm, thiab hauv ib ntim txog li 2.5 cm, ua hollow nrog lub hnub nyoog;
- lub cev nqaij daim tawv yog xim daj hauv lub hau thiab dawb nyob rau hauv cov ceg, thaum sib txuas nrog cov pa, cov chaw txiav tawm ntsuab;
- Milky kua txiv yog liab-txiv kab ntxwv (tom qab ob peb teev nws yuav qias neeg-ntsuab), nws muaj ib qho tsis hnov tsw tsw thiab saj.
Koj puas paub? Cov tshuaj tua kab mob lactaric ntuj.
Champignon
Nyob rau hauv Fabkis, nceb yog hu ua tag nrho cov nceb. Yog li, linguists yuav xav tias Slavic lub npe ntawm ib tug tseem genus ntawm cov kab mob los ntawm cov tsev neeg Agarikov yog Fabkis keeb kwm. Champignons muaj:
- lub hau yog loj thiab tuab, hemispherical nyob rau hauv cov duab, uas nrog lub hnub nyoog ua ncaj, dawb los yog tsaus xim, nrog ib lub cheeb ntawm mus txog 20 cm;
- cov phiaj yog pib dawb, uas tig gray nrog lub hnub nyoog;
- ceg nce txog 5 cm siab, ntom, qws-zoo li tus kheej, ib txwm muaj ib zaug xwb lossis ob npaug-ntiv nplhaib;
- cov nqaij, uas yog ntawm ntau ntxoov dawb, thaum raug mus rau oxygen ua yellow-red, muaj kua, nrog ib tug qhia tau nceb tsw.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Cug cov champignons, xyuam xim rau lawv daim hlau. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov uas lawv tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm vam meej ntawm tsev neeg Amanite. Nyob rau hauv lub tom kawg, qhov no feem tseem tsis meej dawb los yog txiv qaub thoob plaws lub neej..Nyob rau hauv qhov av ntawm Eurasian sab av loj, muaj ib hom kab me me ntawm kev sib tw. Mushroom pickers yuav tsum ceev faj ntawm xwb daj-tawv nqaij (Agaricus xanthodermus) thiab variegated (Agaricus meleagris) champignons. Tag nrho lwm hom yog non-toxic. Lawv txawm loj hlob zoo nyob rau ib qho kev lag luam.
Truffle
Outwardly, cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog unattractive heev, tab sis nyob rau hauv lawv cov saj, lawv raug suav hais tias yog ib qho tseem ceeb delicacy. Hauv lub neej txhua hnub, truffles yog hu ua "earthen lub plawv," vim hais tias lawv tuaj yeem nyob hauv av nyob ntawm ib nrab ntawm qhov ntsuas. Thiab qhov no yog "dub diamonds ntawm kev ua noj." Botanists muaj xws li truffles mus rau ib tug txawv genus ntawm marsupial fungi nrog ib tug underground fleshy thiab muaj kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo lub cev. Nyob rau hauv ua noj ua haus, feem ntau muaj nqis Italian, Perigord thiab lub caij ntuj no views. Lawv tsuas yog loj hlob nyob rau hauv cov ntoo qhib thiab beech forests ntawm Fabkis qab teb thiab sab qaum teb Ltalis. Nyob hauv Tebchaws Europe, rau "kev yos hav zoov yau" siv tus kws qhia tshwj xeeb thiab cov npua. Cov neeg paub txog cov nceb yuav tsum tau them nyiaj rau cov yoov - nyob rau hauv cov chaw uas lawv swarm, hauv qab nplooj ntoo yuav muaj lub plawv hauv plawv.
Pom tau cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsim zoo tshaj yog ua rau:
- ib lub qe xws li lub cev ntawm qos yaj ywm, nrog rau ib qho ntawm 2.5 mus rau 8 cm, nrog ib lub qhov tsw qab ntxiag thiab loj pyramidal protrusions nrog ib lub cheeb ntawm mus txog 10 hli, olive-dub nyob rau hauv xim;
- lub cev nqaij daim tawv yog dawb los yog daj-xim av uas muaj lub ntsej muag lub teeb, cov nplais zoo ib yam li cov paj noob hlis ci lossis noob txiv;
- spores ntawm ib qho ellipsoidal duab, tsim tsuas yog nyob rau hauv humus substrate.
Koj puas paub? Raws li statistics, lub ntiaj teb truffle sau yog txo txhua txhua xyoo. Qhov nruab nrab, nws tsis pub tshaj 50 tons.
Shiitake
Qhov no yog ib hom ntawm cov nceb noj tau los ntawm genus Lentinula. Nkawd muaj ntau nyob hauv East Asia. Tau txais lawv lub npe vim loj hlob ntawm cov txiv ntseej. Txhais los ntawm lo lus Japanese "shiitake" txhais hais tias "chestnut Mushroom." Hauv kev ua noj ua haus, nws siv hauv lus Japanese, Suav, Kauslim, Nyab Laj thiab Thaib teb ua cov txuj lom qab. Nyob rau hauv Oriental tshuaj, kuj muaj ntau yam zaub mov txawv rau kev kho cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Nyob rau hauv txhua txhua hnub lub neej, lub fungus kuj hu ua Oak, lub caij ntuj no, dub. Nws yog tus cwj pwm uas nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb kev lag luam shiitake yog suav tias yog tus thib ob tseem ceeb mushroom uas yog cultivated nyob rau hauv kev lag luam. Loj hlob ib delicacy yog heev muaj tiag nyob rau hauv cov kev mob climatic ntawm Ukraine. Rau qhov no, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom tau txais ib qho nceb mushroom substrate.
Thaum khaws shiitake yuav tsum tau tsom mus rau cov yeeb yam nram qab no ntawm lub fungus:
- cap ntawm hemispherical duab, nrog ib lub cheeb kom txog 29 cm, nrog ib tug qhuav velvety tev ntawm kas fes los yog xim av xim av xim av;
- cov paib yog dawb, nyias thiab tuab; nyob rau hauv cov qauv hnyav uas lawv muaj kev tiv thaiv los ntawm ib tug membrane txheej thiab dhau xim av thaum tsaus muag;
- ceg fibrous, cylindrical nyob rau hauv cov duab, mus txog 20 cm siab thiab mus txog 1.5 cm tuab, nrog ib tug teeb lub teeb av xim av;
- kab mob ntawm cov kab mob dawb ellipsoidal;
- lub pulp yog khaus, fleshy, muaj kua, creamy los yog snow-dawb nyob rau hauv cov xim, nrog ib tug qab ntxiag aroma thiab ib tug qhia tshwj xeeb saj.
Koj puas paub? Cov paj laum siab ntxiv nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ua lag luam yog vim nws qhov kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob. Lub ntsiab ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus no yog Nyiv, uas txhua xyoo tuaj txog 2 txhiab tons ntawm cov khoom.
Dubovik
Mushroom mus rau Boletov tsev neeg. Nyob rau hauv txhua txhua hnub lub neej nws yog hu ua ib tug bruise, underbird, qias neeg-xim av. Lub sij hawm ntawm fruiting pib nyob rau hauv Lub Xya hli ntuj thiab kav mus txog lig Autumn. Lub yim hli ntuj yog pom tias feem ntau cov fruitful. Nyob rau hauv kev tshawb ntawm yuav tsum mus rau hav zoov, qhov twg muaj oaks, hornbeams, beeches, birches. Duboviki kuj nyiam calcareous av thiab qhov chaw zoo-zes. Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog paub nyob rau hauv Caucasus, nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe thiab nyob sab hnub tuaj deb. Cov cim qhia ntawm fungus yog:
- ib lub hau nrog ib txoj kab uas siv li ntawm 5 mus rau 20 cm, ib lub voj voos kheej kheej, nrog ib qho tawv nqaij uas muaj ntsej muag tawv nqaij uas tsaus nti thaum tsaus ntuj;
- lub pulp yog tuab, odorless, nrog ib tug me me saj, daj (liab doog ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub qia);
- daj daim hlau, txog 2.5-3 cm ntev, xim ntsuab lossis olive;
- qia-zoo li, txog li 15 cm siab nrog ib ntim txog li 6 cm, daj-txiv kab ntxwv ntxoov ntxoo;
- spores yog olive-xim av, tus, fusiform.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Yog tias koj noj tsis qab los sis nyhav dub, qaug zog heev tuaj yeem tshwm sim tau. Nws yog categorically contraindicated mus ua ke no cov khoom ntawm tej degree ntawm ua noj ua haus nrog dej cawv haus.
Tham nrog
Yam khoom noj tau los ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo no yuav tsum tau muab kom huv si. Lawv txawv ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg nyob rau hauv cov xim qaim thiab tsis dhau ntxhiab tsw. Feem ntau cov govorushki siv los txhaws rau hauv pies, nrog rau noj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv sau tshiab. Cov neeg paub txog cov nceb tau tawm tswv yim kom mus "nyob ntawm tus neeg yos hav zoov uas nyob ntsiag to" txij thaum pib lub Xya Hli mus rau ob nrab ntawm Lub Kaum Hli. Los txhim kho qhov saj ntawm govovushek rau cov khoom noj, tsuas yog lub hau ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog siv. Koj tuaj yeem kawm tau lawv los ntawm:
- ib lub hau nrog ib lub voj voog tsoo mus txog 22 cm, nrog cov khoov tawv khov thiab ib tug tubercle nyob hauv nruab nrab, nrog rau ib qho chaw ntawm lub matte los yog xim liab;
- ib txhais ceg mus txog 15 cm siab, nrog ib lub qauv ntom, ib hom cylindrical thiab ib qho xim txhuam sib luag rau lub hau (muaj darker ntxoov puag);
- medium xim plates;
- lub cev nqaij daim tawv yog fleshy, qhuav, nrog ib tug me ntsis qhia tau hais tias almond aroma, dawb nyob rau hauv cov xim, uas tsis hloov hauv seem.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Them sai sai rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntawm talker kaus mom. Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo lom ntawm nws ib txwm muaj ib tug yam ntxwv mealy patina.
Golovach
Muaj ntau cov neeg tau txais nce mog tuaj tshiab yeej zoo siab nrog cov tsos mob taub hau. Cov trophies no tawm los ntawm lawv cov neeg vim li cas zoo rau lawv vim lawv qhov loj thiab loj. Lawv muaj:
- txiv neej lub cev ntawm loj loj, nyob rau hauv lub cheeb yuav loj hlob txog li 20 cm, uas tsis yog-tus qauv zoo nkauj, uas tsis yoojyim rau cov tswv yim lees paub txog nceb;
- lub ko taw tuaj yeem ncav cuag 20 cm ntawm qhov siab, nws yuav ua tau ntau dua los yog tsawg tshaj li ib lub cap, nyob rau hauv cov xim nws yog sib luag nrog saum;
- nqaij xoob, xim dawb.
Koj puas paub? Mushrooms tuaj yeem ciaj sia nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw siab tshaj ntawm 30 txhiab tawm toj siab saum hiav txwv, tiv thaiv hluav taws xob thiab qhov siab ntawm 8 atmospheres. Lawv tseem siv lub hauv paus tau yooj yim nyob rau saum npoo ntawm sulfuric acid..
Semi dawb lub nceb
Yog ib tus neeg sawv cev ntawm genus Borovikov. Hauv txhua txhua lub neej, nws raug xa mus rau hauv qhov chaw pov npav los yog daj daj bolus. Ntau heev hauv Polesie, Carpathian thiab Western Europe. Nws yog suav hais tias yog ib lub thermophilic version ntawm Boletovs. Nws tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv ntoo, hornbeam, beech plantings nrog high humidity thiab av nplaum substrate. Externally, lub fungus yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm:
- ib lub kaus mom nrog ib lub cheeb ntawm 5 mus rau 20 cm, ib lub rooj sib haum, uas ua ncaj nraim nrog lub hnub nyoog, nrog ib tus pas matte cov xim ntawm cov nplaum xim;
- lub cev nqaij daim tawv hnyav, nrog ib lub qauv tuab, dawb los yog daj daj xim, uas tsis hloov thaum txiav, nrog lub qab ntxiag, me ntsis qab zib thiab ib qho ntxhiab zoo li iodoform;
- ceg nrog ib tug ntxhib saum npoo, mus txog 16 cm siab, mus txog 6 cm ntim, qws-zoo li, tsis muaj mesh;
- ib tug tubular txheej mus txog 3 cm nyob rau hauv qhov loj, daj ntawm ib tug thaum ntxov hnub nyoog, thiab olive-txiv qaub nyob rau hauv ib tug paub tab ib;
- spores ntawm daj-txiv ntseej xim, txog li 6 microns loj, fusiform thiab tus.
Koj puas paub? Lub keeb kwm ntawm nceb twb ntes los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias Swiss mushroom pickers yuam kev dawm li ib tug lossis loj trophy uas loj hlob tshaj li ib txhiab xyoo. Qhov loj tshaj plaws honeycomb yog 800 meters ntev thiab 500 meters dav, thiab nws cov mycelium nyob 35 hectares ntawm lub zos national park nyob hauv lub nroog ntawm Ofenpass.
Cov cai ntawm kev sau cov nceb
Mushroom hunting nws muaj nws cov kev txaus ntshai. Yuav kom tsis txhob raug rau lawv, ib tug yuav tsum to taub meej meej tias nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tau tuaj yeem de nceb thiab to taub lawv cov ntau yam. Rau kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev nyab xeeb ntawm hav zoov trophies koj yuav tsum ua raws li cov cai no:
- Rau kev tshawb nrhiav mus rau thaj chaw zoo phooj ywg, nyob deb ntawm cov tsheb loj thiab cov khoom muaj nqis.
- Tsis txhob muab cov khoom tso rau hauv lub thoob khib nyiab uas koj tsis paub tseeb. Hauv qhov no, nws yog qhov zoo uas yuav tau nrhiav kev pab los ntawm cov neeg paub txog cov nceb.
- Txhob tshem cov qauv ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo nyoos.
- Thaum lub sij hawm "nyob ntsiag to hauv av" kom txo tau txoj kev sib cuag ntawm tes kom lub qhov ncauj thiab ntsej muag.
- Tsis txhob siv cov nceb uas muaj cov kab dawb zoo li ntawm lub hauv paus.
- Sib piv cov khoom plig uas muaj nrog lawv cov khoom siv tshuaj lom.
- Pom tau soj ntsuam tag nrho cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo: ceg, phaj, cap, nqaij.
- Tsis txhob ncua qhov kev npaj ntawm kev sau. Nws yog qhov zoo dua rau lub sijhawm ua tiav cov kev ua tiav, vim tias txhua zaus dhau lub nceb yuav poob lawv cov nqi.
- Tsis txhob noj cov dej uas muaj nceb. Tej zaum yuav muaj ntau yam tshuaj lom.
- Tshem cov tshuaj tua kab mob puas tsuaj, nrog rau cov uas muaj kev puas tsuaj.
- Nyob rau hauv lub tawb ntawm Mushroom picker yuav tsum tsuas yog poob txiv hmab txiv ntoo.
- Txhua tus trophies yuav tsum tau txiav, tsis rub.
- Lub sij hawm zoo tshaj plaws rau "kev yos hav zoov yau" yog raug suav tias yog thaum sawv ntxov ntxov.
- Yog tias koj mus rau cov nceb nrog me nyuam, tsis txhob plam lawv thiab piav rau cov me nyuam ua ntej txog qhov yuav muaj kev phom sij ntawm cov khoom plig hav zoov.
Koj puas paub? Mos mos lub hau khwb yuav tawg tau los ntawm asphalt, pob zeb, marble thiab hlau.
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О грибном отравлении свидетельствуют:
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- kev xav pom;
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