Txhua tus neeg uas raug kev nyuaj siab nrog cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, yeej hnov txog xws li ib tug Kab Tsuag raws li phylloxera, uas yog suav hais tias yog qhov chaw yug ntawm North America. Thawj cov lus hais txog nws cov teebmeem ntawm cov nroj tsuag hauv Tebchaws Europe thaum xyoo 1868, thiab qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th tus kab no tau raug tsoo txog 6,000,000 hectares ntawm European vineyards, uas ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj. Tam sim no muaj ntau txoj hauv kev rau kev tiv thaiv thiab kev tswj ntawm phylloxera, uas peb yuav sib tham nyob rau hauv kev nthuav dav nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm.
Kev piav qhia
Phylloxera, los yog txiv hmab txiv ntoo aphids, yog kab me me uas ua rau kev puas tsuaj tsis zoo rau lub noob qoob, tab sis rau tag nrho cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Qhov no Kab Tsuag yog heev me me, nws ntev tsis tshaj 1-1.5 mm. Nws yog qhov nyuaj rau nws pom tias nws yog vim nws pleev xim rau hauv ntsuab daj los sis txiv qaub xim, vim nws yog lub ntsej muag ntawm lub nplooj thiab tua.
Hom
Cov kab no tuaj yeem tau winged thiab wingless. Lawv digestive system yog tsim los kom lawv muaj peev xwm pub nyob rau hauv keeb kwm thiab foliage ntawm cov nroj tsuag, thiab nyob rau hauv qee zaum txawm lub tendrils thiab cuttings.
Hauv paus
Taub qab tsis muaj ntses aphid infects cov hauv paus cag ntoo thiab cov underground shtamb. Cov kab me me ntawm 0.5 hli tsuas yog ib qho hnyav xwb, lawv ua tsis taus pa nyob rau hauv av, thiab thaum sov ua kom sov, qhov ntawd yog, qhov kub nce saum 0, lawv ua haujlwm thiab ua pojniam, nws qhov ntev yog ~ 1 hli. 
Grapes kuj amaze: moth, scytwalka, spider mite, weevil, cicadka, thrips thiab wasps.
Cov kab mob tsis muaj kabmob muaj qhov ntev ntev, uas yuav pab tau lawv pub rau dej ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm cov txiv hmab. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, phylloxera nyob rau hauv cov qaub ncaug muaj cov tshuaj phem uas los ntawm qhov kuaj tau nkag rau rhizome thiab kis rau nws.
Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm grapes bloating thiab compaction, uas cuam tshuam nrog lub qub neej ntawm Bush, cov ntaub ntawv, nws nres tsis loj hlob, thiab tom qab ib tug thaum nws tuag. Qhov teeb meem tshuaj tua kab mob nyob rau hauv European grape ntau yam, lawv tsis raug mus rau no parasite.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Lub hauv paus hom yog suav tias yog feem ntau txaus ntshai, qhov cuam tshuam cov nroj tsuag yog uprooted, thiab cog ntawm grapes ntawm no qhov chaw yog txwv tsis pub rau 10-15 xyoo, txij thaum lub parasite yog heev nyuaj eradicate los ntawm cov av.
Leafy
Raws li, lub winged, los yog leafy, phylloxera cuam tshuam ntsuab feem ntawm cov nroj tsuag, uas yog foliage, thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau tshaj plaws daim ntawv, txawm lub tendrils ntawm grapes. Parasites nteg qe on shrub ntoo, ntawm uas tom qab larvae tshwm. 
Muaj kuj yog ib daim npav ntawm cov kab nroj tsuag uas nyob feem ntau ntawm American grape ntau yam. Cov phylloxera daim ntawv galls, tubercles ntawm nplooj, nyob rau hauv uas tom qab ib tug me ntsis lub larvae tshwm, thiab ces tus pojniam. Nrog ntim ib daim ntawv ntawm daim ntawv nrog galls, qhov pests txav mus rau tom ntej, thiab li cuam tshuam rau tag nrho Bush.
Nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si, nrog kev pab ntawm ib qho kev nqus tau ua nqus tau nqus cov kua txiv tawm ntawm cov nplooj thiab kis nrog nws cov qaub ncaug teeb meem, ua kom muaj kev poob siab. Cov foliage yog them nrog hlav thiab tawg, thiab yog hais tias muaj ntau ntawm cov kab nyob rau hauv lub shrub, lub antennae thiab petioles ntawm cov nroj tsuag raug kev txom nyem.
Cov kab mob feem ntau ntawm cov txiv hmab yog: mildew, oidium, anthracnose, Alternaria thiab chlorosis.
European thiab Esxias grape ntau yam yog resistant rau hom kab thiab tsim txom los ntawm nws tsis tshua muaj tsis tshua muaj.
Vim li cas
Qhov teeb meem yog los ntawm kev pab ntawm cua, dej thaum lub sij hawm dej los yog nag lossis daus, qhov kis kab mob kis ceev ceev thiab ntev ntev. 
Winged cov neeg tsiv mus rau 100 m. Nqa lawv thiab neeg ntawm khaub ncaws thiab nkawm khau, thiab cov tsiaj thiab noog.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Nyob rau hauv cov vineyards qhov twg lawv pom ib phylloxera, quarantine yog tshaj tawm kom tsis txhob kis tau ntawm tus kab mob.
Ntawm zoo qhov tseem ceeb yog dab tsi hom grapes cog rau lub site. Thaum cog European ntau yam yuav tsum paub hais tias lawv yog cov feem ntau yooj yim rau hauv paus kab Tsuag. Thiab cov Asmeskas tau tsim ib qho kev tiv thaiv kom tsis muaj phom phylloxera, thiab lawv raug kev txom nyem los ntawm nws ntau tsawg dua.
Grapes xws li "Moldova", "Cabernet Sauvignon" thiab "Isabella" tau zoo tsis haum rau phylloxera.
Raws li rau nplooj ntoos parasite, qhov teeb meem yog me ntsis txawv, American ntau yam, nyob rau hauv tsis tooj, predisposed rau nws, thiab cov European yog ntau resistant. Txawm hais tias nws yog heev subjective thiab nyob ntawm tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv ntau yam, tab sis kuj on xws li muaj hnub nyoog ntawm Bush thiab cov av uas nws hlob.
Cov menyuam yaus cov nroj tsuag, cov hauv paus hniav uas ntiav nyob hauv av, muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm cov cab no ntau dua li cov uas lawv cov hauv paus muaj qhov zoo lawm. 
Phylloxera nyiam cov xoob thiab cov hauv av, vim tias ya raws lawm zoo nyob rau hauv nws thiab muaj oxygen txaus, thiab sov so yog khaws cia, tag nrho qhov no yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau nws "txoj kev vam meej" hauv lub vaj txiv hmab.
Peb qhia koj kom tau txais kev paub nrog cov nta ntawm cog grapes cuttings thiab seedlings (caij nplooj ntoos hlav thiab Autumn).
Thiab yog tias koj cog cov txiv hmab hauv cov xuab zeb, loamy thiab clayey av, cov cab yuav ua rau nws puas ntau zog. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau ib qho tshuaj tua kabmob uas tseem ceeb hauv dej ntub thiab cua tsis ua si, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov xuab zeb nws tuag, dheev tuag.
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias kev nyab xeeb tsis txawv npaum li cas, cov cab tau yooj yim zam lub caij ntuj no thiab pheej ua rau tsis txias, thiab nrog rau qhov pib khov ntawm cov dej txias ntau dua.
Koj puas paub? Qhov tseeb keeb kwm yog tias vineyards txom nyem tsis tsuas yog los ntawm kab pests, kuj zoo kawg thiab poob nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no kuj ncaj qha ntsig txog kev tsov kev rog. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb ntawm lub sij hawm thaum ub, piv txwv li, lub hwj chim xws li Tamerlane hlawv vineyards thaum nws ua phem.
Yuav ua li cas mus sib ntaus
Kev paub winegrowers pom zoo kom cog cov khoom nyob rau hauv quarantine, thiab raws li muab kev xaiv rau Kab Tsuag resistant ntau yam. Yog hais tias lub seedlings raug tus kab mob, lawv yuav tsum yeej yuav tiav, thiab rau qhov no muaj ob txoj kev: fumigation thiab ntub.
Thawj yog siv thaum qhov teeb meem kab yog thaum so, uas yog, thaum lub caij txias. Nws nqa tawm nws cov kev pabcuam kev huv, uas yuav tsum tau qhia txog foci ntawm phylloxera. Cov qauv no yog kho cov kab mob uas muaj mob tshwj xeeb.
Kev ntub ntub dej yog nqa tawm thaum lub sij hawm ntawm lub neej ntawm tus kab hlau. Nws lies nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias cov nroj tsuag raug kho nrog ib tug emulsion ntawm gammoisomer ntawm hexachlorocycloclamelaxane.
Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv tus cab no yog qhov chaw tiv thaiv cov kab no nrog cov polyethylene npog nrog cog rau lub qhov tob tshaj plaws Yog tias qhov kev pom zoo no tau pom, cov kab muaj me me txog qhov yuav tsum tau khom ntawm cov hauv paus hauv paus txiv hmab. 
Muaj kuj yog ib txoj kev tiv thaiv phylloxera, uas muaj nyob rau hauv kev kho mob ntawm fungicides thiab insecticides, uas yog, tshuaj. Thov kom nws peb lub sij hawm thaum lub caij cog qoob loo: tam sim ntawd tom qab qhov zoo li ntawm foliage, ua ntej flowering thiab tom qab ovaries tau tsim nyob rau bushes.
Nrog kev pab los ntawm Chemistry, vineyards contaminated nrog phylloxera raug kho. Ua li no, muaj ntau cov tshuaj, thiab cov neeg nyiam thiab siv tau yog:
- "Malathion";
- "BI-58";
- "Kinmikson";
- Zolon;
- "Confidor";
- Mitak.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Koj yuav tsum ua raws li cov cai ntawm cog cov nroj tsuag thiab rov qab xav qhov kev ncua deb ntawm seedlings, txij li qhov tsis muaj qhov cua ntawm cov nroj tsuag ua rau cov tsos ntawm cov cab.
Kev siv cov tshuaj txhaj tiv thaiv, uas yog, cov khoom lag luam, kuj raug xa mus rau txoj kev zoo ntawm kev tswj cov kab tsuag. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog hais tias lub cuttings ntawm grafted nroj tsuag yuav noj qab nyob zoo. Tseem stocks yuav tsum muaj ib qho kev tiv thaiv siab rau cov txiv hmap aphid. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub uas qhov grapes yog muaj tus kab mob nrog lub hauv paus phylloxera, siv rau cov qaug dej qaug dej disulfide.
Nws noj ntau npaum li cas nyob ntawm lub degree ntawm kev puas tsuaj thiab tsis saib xyuas ntawm lub vineyard. Muaj ntau npaum li ntawm 300-400 cm3 ib m2, nws yog ua tau kom ua kom nroj tsuag thiab ntxuav cov av, tab sis nws tsis txuag grapes, yog li cov khoom noj yuav txo tau mus rau 80 cm3 ib square meter thiab txuag cov nroj tsuag.
Koj puas paub? Nws yog phylloxe uas rhuav tshem cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo uas muaj lub npe hu ua "Madera" ua ntej dhau los lawm, nws tau tshwm sim hauv tiam 19th, tab sis, qhov zoo tshaj plaws, cov kws cog qoob loo yuav hloov tau nrog lwm hom, thiab cov pearl cawv tsis ploj tsis muaj qhov cim tseg.
Kev Tiv Thaiv
Tivthaiv kev tiv thaiv ntawm tus kab mob yog ib qho yooj yim dua thiab zoo dua li kho nws, thiab qhov no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev tiv thaiv qhov tshwm sim ntawm phylloxera. Saib xyuas cov cai ntawm cog thiab kom seedlings nyob rau hauv calarantine, koj twb significantly txo txoj kev pheej hmoo ntawm tus kab mob.
Tsis tas li ntawd, tsis txhob tsis xyuas qhov tiv thaiv Txau, uas cov kws qhia pom zoo kom tsawg kawg yog 3 zaug thaum lub caij loj hlob, uas yog tom qab thawj 3-5 tawm blooming, ua ntej flowering thiab tom qab tsim ntawm grape txhuam.
Tsis tas li ntawm qhov tseem ceeb yog ua raws li cov cai ntawm kev ua vaj tsev ua qoob loo, cog rau hauv av zoo yuav muab kev tiv thaiv txhim khu kev pab rau lub vaj txiv hmab. Nco qab tias phylloxera tsis cuam tshuam rau cov nroj tsuag uas cog hauv loamy, av nplaum lossis av av. Grafting grapes nrog ntau resistst rootstocks kuj tseem yuav txo tau qhov muaj feem yuav kis tau tus kab mob nrog phylloxera. Lwm txoj kev ntawm kev tiv thaiv yog dej nyab ntawm cov av nrog kev pab ntawm cov dej tov nrog tshuaj lom neeg, tab sis nws yog heev zog thiab tsis ua hauj lwm, raws li nws tsuas nres tus Kab Tsuag nyob rau hauv cov av rau ib lub sij hawm tej, yog li ntawd cov neeg tuaj yeem paub tig rau nws tsis tshua muaj tsis tshua.
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws - nws yog ib qhov tsim nyog yuav nkag siab hais tias phylloxera yog ib tug heev txaus ntshai Kab Tsuag, uas yog ib qho nyuaj heev rau sib ntaus. Yog li ntawd, ua ntej cog txiv hmab txiv ntoo, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub koj tus kheej nrog tus yam ntxwv thiab keeb kwm ntawm ntau yam, thiab tseem yuav tsum tau them sai sai rau qhov degree ntawm nws tsis kam mus no Kab Tsuag.
