Juniper - ib tsob ntoo zoo nkauj uas tab tom siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim txav. Tab sis yuav kom xaiv qhov zoo ntawm nws, koj yuav tsum paub qhov tseeb uas pawg juniper belongs rau. Nws yog ib tus neeg sawv cev ntawm tus neeg laus tshaj plaws ntawm cypress, evergreen conifers, uas yuav tsis ua teeb meem hauv kev loj hlob txawm tias ib tug neeg tuaj yeem gardener. Juniper tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ntau tshaj li 50 lab xyoo dhau los, ua tsaug rau cov neeg uas tau ntev txaus siab rau kev zoo nkauj ntawm no nroj tsuag, siv nws los decorate teb rau ntau tshaj ib txhiab xyoo.
Koj puas paub? Juniper yog siv los ua ib qho flavoring rau kua, txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab cov kua qaub. Nws cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo muab cov nqaij ib qho kev noj qab haus huv savory saj thiab aroma. Marinades, npaj siv juniper, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ci thiab nco, thiab thaum twg ntxiv rau pickles, juniper berries significantly enrich lawv tsw thiab aromatic palette.
Juniper hlob nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntoo, zoo li txhua kab, kis shrubs los yog fluffy tua, ntom ntaub pua plag ob sab hauv av. Evergreen juniper ceg tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog koob lossis hlua ntawm koob. Yuav luag txhua cov neeg sawv cev ntawm juniper yog dioecious: txiv neej nroj tsuag yog pollinators, thiab poj niam nroj tsuag tsim ib tug siab zoo sau ntawm cones, los ntawm qhov uas six, medicinal fragrant jam yog ua. Niaj hnub no nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no muaj txog 70 ntau yam ntawm juniper, yog li cia saib dab tsi hom thiab ntau yam ntawm juniper yog ntau nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm.
Juniperus (Juniperus communis)
Hom qia neeg siv yog cov ntoo tsis muaj ntoo tsawg tsawg los yog cog, los ntawm 5 mus rau 10 meters siab. Nyob rau hauv feem ntau dej siab mob, lub nroj tsuag muaj peev xwm ncav cuag 12 meters, nrog ib tug pob tw lub cev ntawm 0.2 meters. Cov yas ntawm cov ntoo muaj peev xwm muaj ib lub khob khoob khoob khoob, thiab nyob rau hauv bushes ib qho ovoid duab.
Cov nroj tsuag muaj ib grey-xim av fibrous bark thiab reddish-xim av tua. Cov ceg ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog them nrog koob koob txhaj looj, lub ntsej muag ntawm qhov kawg (nws qhov txawv ntawm 0.1 mus rau 0.2 millimeters, thiab qhov ntev yuav ncav cuag 1.5 centimeters). Nyob rau sab qaum ntawm lub koob yog stomatal sawb.
Tag nrho cov koob yog them nrog ib tug qos whitish Bloom, uas persists nyob rau ceg ntev txog plaub xyoos. Juniper fab tawg tuaj nyob rau hauv Tej zaum, nrog poj niam paj muaj ib tug ntsuab thiab txiv neej paj nrog ib tug daj tsos nqaij daim tawv. Lub cones yog sib npaug thiab muaj peev xwm yuav nyob rau hauv lub cheeb los ntawm 0.6 mus rau 0,9 centimeters. Juniper ntawm no hom hlob heev maj mam. Nws txoj kev loj hlob txhua xyoo tsis tshaj li qhov siab tshaj 15 cm, thiab ib qhov dav ntawm ntau tshaj 5 cm ib xyoos twg. Qhov nruab nrab, txoj sia luv ntawm ib lub nce mus txog 200 xyoo.
Koj puas paub? Lwm hom npe rau juniper yog veres los yog mozhevel. Nyob rau hauv Ukraine, cov nroj tsuag yog hu ua "tus zoo nkauj tshaj plaws ib tug", thiab nyob rau hauv Latin nws lub npe yog "Juniperus communis".
Txoj kev kawm juniper muaj nyob rau hauv Tebchaws Europe, North America, Siberia thiab txawm North Africa. Nyob rau hauv lub qhov, juniper hlob nyob rau hauv lub undergrowth ntawm spruce thiab Pine hav zoov thiab cov ntaub ntawv impenetrable thickets nyob rau hauv txiav chaw. Nws prefers moderately moist, zoo-drained Sandy loam xau, tab sis muaj peev xwm loj hlob nyob rau txhua hom ntawm xau.
Juniper Virginia (Juniperus virginiana)
Juniper virginsky yog ib qho evergreen, tsis tshua muaj dioecious ntoo. Qhov no yog lub siab tshaj plaws, muaj peev xwm ua tau rau cov kev mob siab kom mus txog 30 meters ntawm qhov siab. Cov tub ntxhais hluas muaj narrowly ovoid crown, thiab nrog lub hnub nyoog tau them nrog dav thoob ceg. Lub cev ntim ntawm lub cev muaj peev xwm ncav cuag 150 centimeters thiab yog them nrog grey, liab-xim av los yog tsaus xim av nkos daim tawv khov ntev.
Cov tub ntxhais hluas nyias nyias muaj kab dub ntsuab thiab muaj ib qho teeb meem tsis sib haum xeeb zoo. Cov ceg ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog them nrog grey-ntsuab koob, uas nrog qhov pib ntawm Frost acquires ib xim av zas. Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm ripening, ntau xim-xiav cones rau ntawm cov ntoo, nrog ib tug me ntsis ntsawj ntshis Bloom txog li 0.6 centimeters nyob rau hauv lub cheeb. Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog npaj txhij yuav tsum tau harvested nyob rau hauv Lub kaum hli ntuj, tab sis lawv muaj peev xwm nyob twj ywm rau ntawm cov ntoo rau ib ntev lub sij hawm, uas significantly kho lawv cov yam ntxwv saj.
Cov nroj tsuag tau txais qhov xwm txheej ntawm kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv 1664. Virginia juniper feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv kev kos duab hauv av, raws li nws yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau cov resistant ntau yam rau adverse tej yam kev mob. Nyob rau sab qaum teb latitudes, hom no feem ntau yog siv los ua ib qho analogue ntawm cov ntoo hauv cypress pyramidal.
Koj puas paub? Juniper yog zoo meej rau aromatherapy, raws li nws tsis hnov tsw muaj lub dag zog rau ntawm lub hlwb, thiab ntev mus ntawm juniper groves pab kom tshem ntawm insomnia, nervous overstrain thiab mob taub hau.
Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, nkauj nyab juniper tuaj yeem nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv North America, los ntawm Canada rau Florida. Nws hlob nyob rau hauv toj siab, pob zeb, ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv thiab dej ntws, tsawg dua - hauv swamps.
Qhov feem ntau ntau ntau yam ntawm Virginia juniper:
- Juniper ntau yam "Glauka" los yog "Glauca" yog bred hauv 1855. Cov nroj tsuag muaj ib daim ntawv colonovidny thiab txawv hauv intensive nqi ntawm txoj kev loj hlob. Qhov nruab nrab, nws muaj peev xwm ncav cuag li ntawm 5 mus rau 10 meters nyob rau hauv qhov siab thiab muaj yuav luag ceg ntsig. Vim yog qhov no, tsob ntoo ua rau lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj, uas yog me ntsis raws li tsob ntoo hlob tuaj. Cov ceg ntawm cov kab lis kev cai raug them rau feem ntau nrog rab koob. Acicular koob muaj peev xwm tshwm sim tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub depths ntawm crown.
- Ntau yam "Globosa" yog ib lub sijhawm luv luv thaum xyoo 1891. Qhov no yog ib hom ntses loj, qeeb-loj hlob, muaj ib lub voj voog tob, nce mus txog 1 meter hauv dav. Cov nroj tsuag muaj luv luv, creeping skeletal ceg thiab me ntsis ascending, luv luv, protruding thiab ntom tua duav nrog nplai-zoo li ci ntsuab koob.
- "Blue Cloud" tau txais nyob rau xyoo 1955. Ib tsob ntoo loj loj nrog ib txoj kab xoob, qhov kawg ntawm ib lub yas, muaj cov kab ntev ntev nrog cov greyish-ntsuab koob. Juniper ntau yam "Blue Cloud" feem ntau yuav pom nyob ntawm thaj av thaj av nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam tsis tsiag ntawv los ntawm cov huab cua puag.
Juniper kab rov tav (Juniperus kab rov tav)
Juniper kab rov tav yog qhov txheeb ze ntawm Cossack juniper. Externally, cov nroj tsuag yog ib tsob ntoo nroj tsuag mus rau hauv av, mus txog 1 meter qhov siab thiab them nrog cov ceg ntoo ntev, uas cov nplhaib-ntsuab tetrahedral tua raug tsim, pubescent nrog tuab grey los yog ntsuab koob (nrog rau qhov pib ntawm huab cua txias nws acquires ib xim av xim). Cov ceg me nyuam muaj daim tawv zoo li daim tawv nqaij, zoo li 3 rau 5 centimeters long thiab 1 centimeter tuab, sab hauv-puab, nkhaus ntawm nraub qaum.
Qub ceg yog them nrog bluish-dub scaly nplooj, nrog ib tug bluish Bloom. Lawv muaj cov kabmob me me, nce mus txog 2.2 centimeters ntawm qhov ntev thiab mus txog 1.5 millimeters hauv dav. Txawm tias thawj qhov tsos, juniper shrubs ntawm no ntau yam yog heev tsawg nyob rau hauv lub collections ntawm pib xyaum ua gardeners. Cov tsiaj raug suav ua cov kab lis kev cai hauv 1840.
Lub juniper kab rov tav raug coj raws li lub hauv paus rau cov creation ntawm ntau ntau yam:
- Ntau "Agnieszka" - ib tsob nroj tsawg, uas tau tsim nyob ib sab thiab obliquely lifting ntev skeletal ceg. Cov koob ntawm kev txhaws ntawm kab npua no tuaj yeem ua ob hom, tab sis tib lub sij hawm nws yog ib txwm siv, hnav thiab tuab, bluish-ntsuab, thiab tom qab thawj zaug frosts ib me ntsis lilac xim.
- Cov shrubs ntawm "Andorra Variegata" ntau yam, nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov ua sawv, muaj ib tug ntom rounded crown, uas, raws li cov nroj tsuag hlob, ua funnel-puab. Lawv cov ceg them yog acicular, ib nrab-nias, feem ntau ntsuab koob, uas nyob rau hauv ib co chaw tej zaum yuav muaj xim nplaum.
- Ntau qhov "Bar Harbor" raug coj tuaj ua xyoo 1930 hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Lub bushes muaj ib tug ntom creeping duab thiab yog tsim los ntawm nyias dag ceg kis tau nyob rau hauv ntau cov lus qhia. Sab tua ascending. Me me, ib nrab-nias, grayish-ntsuab nplooj, tom qab frosts ua liab doog xim.
Juniper suav (Juniperus chinensis)
Suav juniper yog dioecious lossis monoecious ntoo, ncav ib qhov siab ntawm 8 mus rau 25 metres thiab muaj lub yas pyramidal. Tsawg heev, cov nroj tsuag ntawm no tsiaj yog bushes kis dav, tightly nias rau hauv av. Lub pob zeb ntawm cov ntoo yog them nrog ib grayish-liab, flaking bark. Cov tub ntxhais hluas tua tau ib tsos kob ntsuab thiab muaj ib lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj. Cov ceg ntawm cov nroj tsuag raug them rau feem ntau zoo li cov kab sib txawv, cov kab rov tav ntawm cov nplooj ntoo, tawm mus rau 3 millimeters ntev thiab tsis pub ntau tshaj 1 millimeter dav.
Cov nplooj muaj ib qho uas muaj txhiab nrawm, taw ntsees kawg thiab me ntsis curved inward, thiab yog li ntawd tshwm npub thiab nruj nreem rau tus tua. Ntawm sab hauv lawv muaj stomatal strips, thiab nyob rau nraum qab - elliptical qog. Cov nroj tsuag ua spherical, me ntsis elongated cones ntawm xiav xiav los yog yuav luag dub xim, ncav lub cheeb ntawm 4 mus rau 10 millimeters.
Cossack juniper (Juniperus sabina)
Cossack juniper - feem ntau unpretentious thiab feem ntau sawv cev ntawm nws tsev neeg. Yog li, yog tias koj yuav cog cov hom kab no ntawm koj lub ntsiab lus, ces koj yuav xav paub seb qhov Cossack juniper hlob zoo npaum li cas. Cia li xav tias: ib tug Cossack juniper Bush, txog 10 xyoo, tuaj yeem ncav cuag tsuas yog 0.3 meters nyob rau hauv qhov siab, uas ua rau nws yog ib qho ntawm cov hlob qeeb-nroj tsuag. Vim li no, nws nquag siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim thooj av.
Hom kab ntsiag to no yog ua tsis tiav, nws yoojyim rau siab thiab ua kom muaj cua sov, tsis zoo rau cov khoom noj txom nyem zoo thiab tuaj yeem tiv taus cov cua daj cua dub. Nws lub ntsiab tseem ceeb yog tias nws belongs rau cov nroj tsuag lom.
Cossack juniper muaj lub hauv paus loj heev uas tau mus tob rau hauv av, yog li ntawd txawm nyob rau hauv feem ntau cov arid xyoo nws bushes tau ua tsis muaj watering txhua. Cov ceg ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog them nrog ntom me-iav foliage grey-ntsuab xim. Thaum lub sij hawm ripening, lawv them nrog npawv (txog li 7 cm nyob rau hauv lub cheeb) maub xiav txiv hmab txiv ntoo, nrog ib tug xiav Bloom.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Txawm tias thaum tu Cossack juniper, ib tug yuav tsum tsis tshua muaj attentive, txij li nws cov nplooj, txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab ceg ntoo muaj cov tshuaj lom neeg uas muaj peev xwm ua rau tib neeg muaj mob.
Qhov nrov tshaj plaws ntawm Cossack juniper:
- Ntau yam "Broadmoor" nthuav dav zuj zus, tsis muaj tshaj 60 centimeters mus txog qhov siab ntawm nws cov nroj tsuag. Raws li cov nroj tsuag loj hlob, lawv tsim ib ntom, emerald ntsuab ntaub pua plag uas muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo nkauj.
- Nroj tsuag ntawm "Femina" ntau yam kis tau tawm hauv av, thiab lawv cov kab tua nyob rau hauv qhov kawg nce upwards, uas tsim lub tswv yim ntawm ib tug neeg coob tus me me juniper ntoo. Lub dav ntawm bushes ntau yam yuav ncav cuag li 6 meters, thaum txawm nyob rau hauv feem ntau dej siab mob, lawv qhov siab tsis tshaj 2 meters.
- "Cupressifolia" yog ib hom kab ntsaum, ncav tsis pub ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm lub ntsuas ntawm qhov siab, tab sis tib lub sij hawm dav, nroj tsuag, thaum muaj hnub nyoog 10 xyoo, tuaj yeem ncav cuag li 5 meters. Externally, qhov kev fab ntawm no ntau yam zoo huv si zoo thiab muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo nkauj, uas muab lawv mus rau hauv tiag tiag favorites ntawm landscape designers.
Juniper Nqaum (Juniperus conferta)
Nqaum tau juniper yog ib lub voj voog cog qoob cog paj nrog lub qab pam aroma. Cov nroj tsuag muaj creeping tua peev muaj peev xwm ntawm lining cov av nrog ib tug ntom tsev ntaub. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog cuaj, nroj tsuag ntawm no ntau yam ncav cuag ib qhov siab ntawm tsuas yog 20 centimeters, tab sis tib lub sij hawm qhov loj ntawm lawv cov crowns tau txog li ib meter. Cov ceg ntawm Bush yog them nrog tsaus ntsuab koob, decorated nrog ib tug dawb-xiav stripe nyob rau Upper sab, uas muab nws ib tug grey tint. Nyob rau hauv Autumn, coastal juniper ceg yog them nrog xiav xiav cones nrog ib tug xuav Bloom.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Thaum cog juniper, ceev faj thaum xaiv ib qhov chaw tsaws chaw. Qhov tseeb yog tias cov nroj tsuag no yog nyob hauv tsev rau ntau yam kab mob thiab ntau yam ze rau cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo cov qoob loo tuaj yeem ua rau lawv kis kab mob.
Tus nroj tsuag hlub tshav ntuj chaw, tab sis tib lub sij hawm hlob zoo nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntxoov ntxoo. Vim nws qhov loj me me, nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov toj roob hauv pes nws yog siv ua av ua rau kev zoo nkauj lub pob zeb thiab lub vaj tsev zoo nkauj.
Juniper mob rocky (Juniperus scopulorum)
Pob zeb juniper yog dioecious cov ntoo los yog ntoo ntawm 10 mus rau 13 metres siab. Kab lis kev cai muaj ntau qhov loj tshaj qhov hnoos qis hauv lawv qhov chaw ib puag ncig. Cov tub ntxhais hluas tua tsis paub meej tetrahedral duab thiab tuaj yeem ncav tes mus txog 1.5 millimeters nyob rau hauv lub cheeb thiab tsis ntau tshaj 2 centimeters nyob ntev.
Tsob ntoo muaj tsob ntoo ntsuab tsaus los yog grey-grey foliage, nrog ib qho kev hloov thiab ib daim ntawv ntawm ovate-rhombic, 1-2 hli ntev thiab txog li 1 hli dav. Nyob rau bushes kuj pom koob-puab nplooj mus txog rau 12 millimeters ntev thiab mus txog rau 2 millimeters thoob plaws. Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm ripening nyob rau bushes spherical tsaus xiav berries raug tsim, them nrog ib tug me smoky Bloom.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Nco ntsoov hais tias ntau tshaj kev siv ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab cov kev npaj ua rau lub hauv paus ntawm juniper, tuaj yeem ua rau lom, cuam tshuam ntawm cov hlab plawv, thiab ntxiv rau qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm kev tsis haum tshuaj loj.
Juniper rocky tau hu ua tus tsiaj ntawm cov neeg tsim kev kos duab. Nws yog siv ntau lub vaj teb, chaw ua si, vaj thaj av thiab thaj chaw ntawm chaw kho mob thiab chaw ua si. Qhov ntau yam zoo zoo nyob rau hauv rockeries, pob zeb teb thiab heather teb. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrov yog ntau yam nrog pyramidal thiab kolonovidnoy crown.
Juniper Nruab Nrab (Juniperus Media)
Juniper nruab nrab yog ib tsob nroj, nce mus txog 3 meters ntawm qhov siab thiab muaj ib txoj hlua sib tsuaj mus txog 5 meters hauv dav. Lub crown ntawm tsob ntoo yog tsim los ntawm ascending arcuate ceg nrog me ntsis qis xaus. Cov koob yog txaus siab nrog lawv cov nplua nuj emerald ntsuab xim thiab decorated los ntawm sab hauv nrog ib tug dawb stoutal sawb. Nyob rau qub qhov chaw ntawm cov ceg thiab hauv crown yuav pom kab-puab nplooj. Nyob rau ntawm qhov xaus ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas tua scaly koob prevail.
Qhov feem ntau ntau juniper ntau yam yog medium:
- "Blue and Gold" yog bred los ntawm Dutch breeders nyob rau hauv 1984. Qhov no yog lub thawv me me uas muaj lub plhaub thiab lub pluav zoo. Tus nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv qhov siab ncav cuag li 1.5 meters. Shrub tsim ib tav toj, obliquely ascending, nrog me ntsis drooping xaus ntawm ceg. Rau ntawm cov nroj tsuag koj tuaj yeem nrhiav tau ob hom koob: pob xiav-nplaum lossis xim xim. Qhov ntau yam tsis zam loj heev frosts, thiab yog li ntawd yog tsis haum rau cultivation nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam sab qaum teb.
- "Coast Coast" tau txais nyob rau hauv teb chaws USA thaum xyoo 1965. Cov kab muaj qhov sib xyaw, cov ntawv nplaum thiab tuaj yeem ncav cuag li 1 meter ntawm qhov siab thiab mus txog 3 meters ntawm qhov dav. Shrubs ntawm ntau yam daim ntawv ceg nrog protruding horizontally protruding xaus, them nrog feem ntau scaly ntsuab koob.
- "Hetzii" - ntau yam kuj tau bred hauv Tebchaws Asmeskas thaum xyoo 1920. Cov nroj tsuag tuaj yeem ncav cuag li 4 meters ntawm qhov siab thiab yog qhov tshwj xeeb los ntawm cov nqi ntawm kev loj hlob. Nws muaj ib qho dav ovate los yog lub khob zoo li lub khob yas, nce mus txog 6 metres wide. Lub ntsiab feature ntawm ntau yam yog hais tias nws cov ceg tsis txhob dai ntawm lub xaus. Tus tua yog them nrog feem ntau scaly grayish-ntsuab koob. Acicular nplooj raug pom nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm Bush.
Juniper hau (Juniperus squamata)
Juniper scaly - evergreen, densely branched shrub txog li ib thiab ib nrab meters nyob rau hauv qhov siab. Cov nroj tsuag muaj ib qho xim av xim av thiab lanceolate, tawv, ntse tsaus ntsuab ntsuab koob nrog ib tug ntev ntawm 0.5 mus rau 0.8 millimeters. Shyshkoagody muaj yuav luag dub xim. Cov nroj tsuag feem ntau yog siv rau cov chaw ua si thiab cov vaj tse, tab sis kuj tseem yog lub ntsiab kom zoo nkauj ntawm txhua tus zis swb. Qhov tsis muaj ntau yam yog tias qhuav koob rau nws tua tsis poob tawm rau ob peb lub xyoo, thiab qhov no txo redactes yam ntxwv ntawm cov neeg laus ntawm cov nroj tsuag.
Yeej nrov tshaj plaws juniper flake ntau yam:
- Lub "Blue star" ntau tau fascinated gardeners nrog nws compact loj thiab ib tug semicircular broad crown, uas significantly kho nws cov yam ntxwv zoo nkauj. Nws cov nroj tsuag tsis tshua pom muaj ib metre hauv siab. Qhov ntau yog lub teeb-ntxiv, tab sis nws hlob qeeb heev, nws qhov kev loj hlob txhua xyoo tsis pub tshaj 10 centimeters. Nws tuaj yeem siv rau tib qho los yog pawg cog.
- "Вlue carpet" куст имеет плоскую форму и отличается интенсивными темпами развития, что позволяет ему к 10 годам при росте 30 сантиметров, обрастать кроной от 1,2 до 1,5 метров в ширину. Ветви куста покрыты серо-голубыми, до 9 миллиметров в длину и не более 2 миллиметров в ширину иголками, имеющими острый край. Сорт был создан в 1972 году в Голландии, а уже в 1976 году он был награжден золотой медалью за высокие декоративные качества.
- "Meueri" yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau nrov thiab nkawv ntau yam ntawm gardeners, nrog high kom zoo nkauj yam ntxwv thiab tsis yuav tsum tau tshwj xeeb kev kho mob. Ib tug neeg laus tuaj yeem ncav cuag ntawm 2 mus rau 5 meters ntawm qhov siab. Ncaj nraim, luv luv tua them nrog daim tawv nqaij xiav dawb ntawm ceg.
Zuj zus yuav luag txhua lub juniper yuav cia koj tsis tas kom txhim kho cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov dacha, tab sis tseem yuav tau txais cov tshuaj tshaj plaws uas yuav pab tau tshem ntawm cov neeg coob ntawm cov kab mob.
