Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los, qhov chaw ntawm pears nyob rau hauv Russia yog loj hlob sai heev. Tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws zoo rau nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab txoj kab - ib cheeb tsam uas tsis tau boast ntawm tib ntau yam ntawm cov vitamin khoom raws li lub cheeb tsam yav qab teb.
Ib qho ntawm cov kab lis kev cai yog pear ntau yam "nyiam Yakovlev" - Ib qho kev piav qhia ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm ntau yam thiab cov duab ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo hauv qab no.
Gardeners yog attracted los ntawm no kis zoo nkauj (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum flowering) tsob ntoo, peev xwm ntawm kev muab zoo yields thiab pamper gourmets nrog txiv hmab txiv ntoo cua.
Zoo li cas?
"Favorite Yakovlev" hais txog ntau yam uas ripen nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov Autumn. Nrog nws cov ripeness, nws cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntsuab nrog lub hawj golden yog poured yog thaum pib los yog nruab nrab ntawm lub Cuaj Hli.
Autumn pear ntau yam muaj xws li: Fairy, Uralochka, Silent Don, Tyoma thiab Larinskaya.
Zoo li ntau lwm tus thaum ntxov Autumn pear, hom no muaj kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo, uas, vim lawv ceev thiab zoo tu zoo, tuaj yeem (hauv qee qhov chaw) muab cia rau ib lub sijhawm ntev.
Nws yog lub npe hu tias "Nyiam" yuav khaws cia tsis muaj teeb meem dab tsi rau nws zoo thiab saj tej yam kev mob li mus rau Kaum ib hlis frosts.
Vim nws txoj kev tsis sib haum xeeb, cov pears no muaj peev xwm nqa tau cov tsheb thauj mus los ntev li tsis muaj qhov poob, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov khoom siv hauv cov khw muag khoom chains.
Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm no pear yog nws kuj tsawg self-fertility. Nws theem yog xws li hais tias ntau cov kws txawj cais tawm "Lyubimitsu Yakovlev" li lawv tus kheej-kev coj tus kheej kab lis kev cai.
Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov lus piav qhia ntau yam los ntawm pollination los ntawm nws tus kheej pollen muab ib tug zes qe menyuam txog 10-25% ntawm tag nrho cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Txawm li cas los xij, cov lej yuav sib txawv ntawm ib qho kev coj los sis lwm qhov, nyob ntawm seb cov xwm txheej thiab qhov chaw ntawm ib puag ncig.
Yuav kom lav tau qhov qub fertilization thiab kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug zoo sau, nws yog pom zoo kom cog ib pollinator ntoo tom ntej no mus rau "Favorite Yakovlev". Qhov zoo tshaj plaws pollinator rau ntau yam no yog qhov ua ntau yam "Summer Duchess" ("Williams").
Yug me nyuam keeb kwm thiab yug me nyuam thaj av
Ntau xyoo dhau los, tus kws tshawb fawb ntawm Lavxias teb sab I. V. Michurin pib ua tus txheej txheem ntawm lub zog khiav mus rau sab qaum teb ntawm xws li thermophilic kab lis kev cai li pear.
Nws cov menyuam kawm ntawv thiab cov thwjtim tau tsim ntau hom txiv moj kabmob uas pib txiv hmab txiv ntoo zoo nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob hnyav ntawm central Russia.
Ib tug ntawm Michurin cov thwjtim yog Pavel Nikanorovich Yakovlev (1898-1957).
Ib qho yug me nyuam, tus kws kho mob txog kev ua liaj ua teb, xibfwb qhia ntawv, academician ntawm Academy of Agricultural Sciences, nws tau ua rau ntau txoj kev hloov pear ntoo hauv nruab nrab thiab qaum teb thaj chaw ntawm Soviet Union. Qhov ntau "Lyubimitsa Yakovleva" los ua ib tug nyob ntawm "monument" ntawm nws kev ua si.
Mloog zoo! Pib gardeners confuse ntau yam "Pet Yakovlev" nrog rau lwm yam ntau yam thiab ntseeg hais tias nws yog ib tug ntses los yog columnar pear - qhov no yog ib qho yuam kev, tsob ntoo loj thiab ceev ceev-loj hlob.
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsim ntawm ib hom tshiab Cov kws tshawb fawb Yakovlev siv nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Michurinsk (Tambov cheeb tsam) nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm Central Genetic Laboratory. I. V. Michurin (tam sim no Tag Nrhav Lavxias Tshawb Fawb Lub Tshawb Fawb Txog Qoob Noob thiab Kev Ua Noob Ntawm Cov Txiv Nroj Tsuag).
Yuav kom coj tawm ib lub txiv pear tshiab nrog cov khoom tsim nyog rau thaj chaw nruab nrab ntawm cov cheeb tsam nrog frosty winters thiab tsis ntev ntev heev, cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua ib qho kev sib koom tes ntawm Michurin pear ntau yam "Tus ntxhais Blancova" nrog ib tus pooj Belgian "Bergamot Esperen".
Raws li qhov tseeb, "Favorite Yakovlev" tau muab tso rau hauv lub Xeev Sau npe ntawm kev cog qoob loo ntawm Russia Federation rau kev zoning nyob hauv Nruab Nrab (Moscow, Ryazan, Tula, Kaluga thaj tsam), Central Dub Ntiaj Teb (Tambov, Lipetsk, Belgorod cheeb tsam) thiab Nrab Volga (Penza, Samara, Ulyanovsk cheeb tsam, Mordovia, Tatarstan) cheeb tsam agricultural.
Qhov ntau hom pears Hera, Cathedral, Krasnobakaya, Elena thiab Vernaia xav zoo nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Band.
Pear "Favorite Yakovlev": kev piav qhia ntawm ntau yam thiab cov duab
Cov ntau yam "nyiam Yakovlev" txawv lwm hom ntawm pear nyob rau hauv cov nram qab no sab nraud thiab yam ntxwv:
- Tsob Ntoo. Kwv yees li vigorous. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, mus txog rau qhov siab tshaj plaws qhov ntev, ib tsob ntoo hlob sai sai nyob rau hauv dej siab mob. Lub bark yog them nrog ib tug qhuav grayish bark.
- Plaub, ceg. Sab saum toj ntawm tsob ntoo raws li nws tau txais qub zog yuav siv daim ntawv ntawm ib lub dav thoob plaws. Grey coloured ceg tau ncaim ntawm lub pob zeb yuav luag ntawm txoj cai kaum. Cov duab ntawm lub crown yog kwv yees li nruab nrab.
- Tua. Nyob rau hauv ob peb bent, nrog ib tug weakly cranked tua cim tsaus xim xim av. Ntawm cov fruiting formations dominated by hmuv thiab kolchatka.
- Nplooj. Medium-qhov loj me nplooj muaj qhov zoo ntawm ib tug oblong qe. Xim - ntsuab thiab tsaus ntsuab. Qhov nruab nrab ob lub raum - taw lub tswv yim. Lub buds feem ntau yog nias rau ceg.
- Inflorescences. Ntsig ntawm 7-10 tus neeg tus paj. Paj dawb xim. Outwardly txaus nyiam heev vim yog cov Terry ntawm nws cov petals.
- Txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Nyob rau hauv cov tawm los ntawm no ntau yam, ib-qhov txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog dominated saum nruab nrab ntawm qhov loj (qhov hnyav nruab nrab ntawm ib tug pear ncav 130-140 g). Daim ntawv no yog hom ntawv, pear-puab, nthuav. Cov tawv nqaij ntawm fetus muaj ib tug dull matte qauv. Daim tawv nqaij yog ntawm qhov nruab nrab, qhov sib txeeb kom zoo. Cov xim ntawm ripe txiv hmab txiv ntoo thaum lub sij hawm raug tshem tawm ntawm tsob ntoo yog daj nrog lub greenish tinge, nyob rau hauv tej qhov chaw ntawm daim tawv nqaij ib lub teeb ziab yog tau. Tom qab "ripening" txiv hmab txiv ntoo "Nyiam" tau txais ib qho kev kub hawj. On pear muaj ntau ntawm hypodermic me ntsis. Granulation nrog loj "stony" hlwb yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm medium ntom, cream-xim nqaij. Txiv hmab txiv ntoo muaj nyob rau ntev, me ntsis curved stalk.
Yog xav paub ntxiv txog ntau yam thiab pom lub pears "Nyiam Yakovlev" yuav ua tau rau hauv daim duab hauv qab no:
Yam ntxwv
Tsob ntoo ntawm no ntau yam pib mob siab khov txiv hmab txiv ntoo 3-4 xyoos tom qab tsaws sapling Los ntawm lub sij hawm qhov siab tshaj tawm los tau tiav, ib tug neeg laus cog thaum muaj hnub nyoog 7 xyoo, muab qhov nruab nrab ntawm 30-40 kg six khoom.
Yog li, nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm tag nrho fruiting, mus txog 220-230 centners ntawm Sweet yield yuav tau muab tshem tawm los ntawm ib hectare ntawm lub vaj teb.
Qhov txheej txheem rau cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm ib tsob ntoo ntawm nws cov hnub nyoog tsim muaj hnub nyoog cov nchuav qab zib ib nrab-oily saj, nrog me ntsis qaub, devoid of astringency, nrog thawj fragrant sau ntawv ntawm quince.
Ntau yam ntawm pears yog txawv los ntawm lawv zoo kawg saj: Victoria, Hav zoov kev zoo nkauj, Moskvichka, Lel thiab Talgar kev zoo nkauj.
Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg tus txiv hmab txiv ntoo "Pet Yakovlev" zoo li no:
| Muaj pes tsawg leeg | Cov naj npawb ntawm |
|---|---|
| Sahara | 8,3% |
| Acids | 0,10% |
| P-nquag tshuaj | 32.7 mg / 100 g |
| Ascorbic acid | 8.5 mg / 100 g |
Cov kws kho mob soj ntsuam cov kev siv ntawm kev siv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo los ua universal. Ua lwm yam lus, lawv yog qhov zoo tib yam nkaus hauv daim ntawv tshiab thiab ua daim ntawv foos.
Los ntawm lawv, nyob rau hauv kev, zoo tshaj plaws compotes, jams, preserves, marmalades yog tau. Cov pears no nrov, nrog rau lwm yam, vim tias lawv tuaj yeem muab cia rau hauv tus neeg mob zoo hauv lub tub yees kom txog li 80 hnub.
Qhov pom tau zoo ntawm no ntau yam kuj yog nws zoo siab rau ntawm arid climatic mob thiab high school lub caij ntuj no hardiness.
Txawm li cas los xij, thaum yug me nyuam no tsis tsim nyog raug, xyaum ua cov cog hauv cov cheeb tsam tsis zoo.
Txiav siab txias ua hauj tsuas yog cia rau lub cheeb tsam ntawm nws cov chav ua hauj lwm.
Frost-resistant ntau yam xws li pears: Extravaganza, Severyanka liab-cheeked, Thaum Ntxov Moscow, Orel Lub caij ntuj sov thiab Limonka.
Kev cog thiab kev kho mob
Cog tsob ntoo pib nrog txoj cai xaiv ntawm qhov chaw uas nws yuav loj hlob thiab dais txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Rau qhov no kab lis kev cai nws yog tsim nyog hais tias qhov chaw ntawd zoo lit. Yog hais tias tus mob no tsis tau ntsib, cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo yuav poob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus qab zib.
Txawm hais tias qhov tseeb hais tias pear hais txog feem ntau ntawm cov nroj tsuag qoob loo-txiv hmab txiv ntoo, nws tsis tuaj yeem tiv thaiv qhov cua ntsawj ntawm qhov chaw tsaws. Yog tias muaj kev hem thawj, yuav tsum tau ua rau lub koomhaum uas yuam cov dej ntshiab.
Nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias pear "Favorite Yakovlev" hlub av nplua nuj nyob hauv dub av, zoo li grey hav zoov xau thiab loams. Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, koj muaj peev xwm cog ib tsob ntoo me xwb nyob rau hauv fertile av. Yog li ntawd, yog hais tias cov av muab tawm mus rau depleted, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau mus rau pre-fertilize nws nrog cov organic cov teeb meem.
Nyob rau hauv cog dug qhov nrog ib tug tob ntawm 1 m thiab ib lub cheeb ntawm 65-70 cm. Rau ib lub lim tiam thiab ib nrab ua ntej cog pears nyob rau hauv nws Ncuav ib thoob dej nrog 2 khob ntawm qhuav txiv qaub yaj.
Rau backfilling, siv hauv av uas tau muab tshem tawm thaum khawb lub qhov. Ua ntej rov siv nws yog tov nrog humus zaub (2 thoob), xuab zeb (2 thoob) thiab superphosphate (1 khob).
Thaum lub sij hawm cog cog, lub seedling yog instilled nyob rau hauv xws li ib txoj kev uas, saum toj no hauv av, kwv yees li hauv paus caj dab ntawm seedling peeped tawm rau 6-7 cm.
Tom qab kev txhim kho lub seedling cheeb tsam nyob ib ncig ntawm nws lub cev thiab maj mam compacted. Tom qab ntawd watering nram no (2-3 thoob ntawm dej cais).
Yuav kom tshem tawm tsis tau qhuav thiab ua kom tawg ntawm cov av, lub voj voos kheej kheej them 2-3 cm txheej ntawm qhuav humus mulch.
Kev ua haujlwm rau "Lyubimitsa Yakovleva" pear txhais tau hais tias tsis tu ncua tsob ntoo ntoo, tsis tseg tsis tu ncua thiab ua kom cov quav nroj tsuag tsiaj tuaj, tiv thaiv tsob ntoo thiab kab mob.
Txawm tias lub caij ntuj no hardiness ntawm ntau yam, nws yuav pab tau kom sov lub nroj tsuag nyob rau Eve ntawm lub caij ntuj no. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb rau cov ntoo thaum muaj hnub nyoog.
Kab mob thiab kab tsuag
Qib "Nyiam Yakovlev" tsis heev kab mob resistant txiv hmab txiv ntoo cov qoob loo (nruab nrab tsis kam).
Resistant mus rau lub ntsiab kab mob ntau yam ntawm pears: Sverdlovchanka, Chudesnitsa, Svetlyanka thiab Bere Bosk.
Nyob rau hauv ib co ntub thiab epiphytotic xyoo, uas yog tsom kwm los ntawm kev sib kis ceev thiab kis tau ntawm kis kab mob nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam loj, nws tej zaum yuav nquag cuam tshuam los ntawm scab.
Tus kab mob fungal no tau tshwm sim los ntawm cov cwj pwm xim av thiab grey-dub me ntsis uas tshwm sim ntawm nplooj thiab pear txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Feem ntau yog tus neeg sawv cev ntawm tus kab mob ntawm cov kab mob no, wintered ntawm kev tua, tawm tsam cov nroj tsuag thaum lub sij hawm nws lub sij hawm flowering.
Yog li ntawd, cov nplooj tawm qhuav thiab vau massively nrog tag nrho cov tsis zoo rau cov ntoo, thiab cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo mob ua deformed thiab cease yuav edible.
Ntawm tseem ceeb heev rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm pears los ntawm scab yog tiv thaiv kev ntsuas.
Tab sis yog hais tias tus kab mob tau tshwm sim, cov av nyob rau hauv lub vaj teb thiab cov ntoo yuav tsum tau periodically tshuaj tsuag tooj liab thiab hlau vitriol, nitrafenom, olekupritami, Bordeaux kua.
Bordeaux kua, 400 g ntawm uas yog diluted nyob rau hauv 10 liv dej, yog sprayed ntawm tsob ntoo peb zaug ib lub caij - ua ntej pib ntawm flowering, sai li sai tau tom qab flowering thiab 17-20 hnub tom qab xaus ntawm lub flowering lub sij hawm.
"Favorite Yakovlev" - ntau yam uas yuav tsum tau mloog, qhov tseeb ntawm kev paub thiab kev ua haujlwm, thiab kev hlub. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov no tej yam kev mob, nws yuav twv yuav raug hu rau tus neeg rov qab.
