Cowskin yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws raw khoom rau qhuav ntawm high quality tawv. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kawg ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov khoom ua rau tag nrho yog nyob ntawm kev txhim kho ntawm qhov kev hnav khaub ncaws. Tsuas yog tom qab ntawd koj tuaj yeem ntseeg siab hauv lub dag zog thiab ua kom ntev ntawm cov khoom. On lub intricacies thiab technology ntawm cov nyuj hides nyob rau hauv lub tsev, nyeem ntxiv nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm.
Ua technology (siv ua) ntawm cov nyuj hides nyob hauv tsev
Cov tawv nqaij muaj keeb kwm muaj keeb kwm thiab kev coj noj coj ua. Cov neeg txheej thaum ub tseem tus neeg muaj lub peev xwm ntawm kev qias neeg qia dub, tau txais kev pab los ntawm kev kho kom zoo txhais tau tias cov mos mos, cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim rau tailoring. Thiab cov niaj hnub niaj hnub tsis xav txog lawv cov tha xim sab hauv thiab cov khaub ncaws tsis muaj tawv nqaij uas tsis tau tawm ntawm kev zam, lawv txawv thiab lawv cov tswv yim.
Txawm li cas los xij, ib qho txuj ci tseem ceeb yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tsim khoom zoo. Xav txog cov kauj ruam los ntawm cov kauj ruam ua haujlwm ntawm hides.
Koj puas paub? Lo lus "tawv nqaij" nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm sounded li "tshis" thiab meant tshwj xeeb ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntawm ib tug tshis. Tom qab ntawd, tus nqi ntawm lub vaj tsev no tau nthuav thiab pib ua kom pom lub hau ntawm lub cev ntawm txhua tus tsiaj, thiab tus txiv neej.
Npaj
Hauv tsev, thaum npaj daim tawv nqaij rau hnav khaub ncaws, nws tseem ceeb heev tom qab nws raug tshem tawm ntawm lub cev me:
- tshem tawm cov rog rog;
- Tshaj tawm rau ib qho chaw tiaj tus kheej nrog lub tsho tiv no ntawm cov ntaub plaub kom txias;
- generously sprinkle nrog cov ntsev loj loj uas tsis muaj iodine (ib daim tawv nqaij nyuj yuav tsum tau li 3-4 kg; qhov no yog ua tiav thaum cov khoom siv raw txias);
- qhuav cov tawv nqaij li ob peb hnub ua ntej nws yuav qhuav thiab tawv.
Ntsev peltSoaking
Yuav kom muag muag, tawv nqaij, tawv nyuj yog tsau hauv 2 kauj ruam:
- Ua ntej, cov khoom siv raw yog dipped hauv dej huv rau 4 teev.
- Thiab tom qab ntawd rau 12 teev nws yog khaws cia nyob rau hauv ib tug saline daws, uas yog npaj nyob rau ntawm tus nqi ntawm 20 g ntawm ntsev rau ib 1 liter dej. Nco ntsoov tias dhau sij hawm, cov tawv nqaij yuav pib txhaws, li ntawd cov kws paub txog cov kws qhia tawm tswv yim los npaj 8 liv dej rau txhua kilogram ntawm nws.
Nyeem ntxiv txog qhov zoo tshaj plaws breeds ntawm chaw yuj nyuj thiab nqaij nyuj.
Soaking yog suav hais tias ntawm high quality, thaum tom qab nws lub subcutaneous txheej yog yooj yim muab tshem tawm los ntawm ntub-salted workpiece. Yog tias thaum tib lub sij hawm muaj teeb meem, raw cov ntaub ntawv xav tau ntxiv raug rau cov ntsev. 
Txhawm rau tshem tawm cov kab mob ntawm cov tawv nqaij, tanners qhia kom siv cov kua haus raws li ntsev thiab furatsilina.Tiamsis, nws tsis tsim nyog tawm hauv ib daim ntawv ntev ntev, vim tias cov khoom yuav tsis zoo. Cov kev paub txog cov kws kho mob qhia tawm kom tshem tawm cov kab mob ntawm cov tawv nqaij, ntxiv rau ntsev, ntxiv 6 ntsiav tshuaj ntawm furatsilina rau txhua 10-liter thoob dej.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Cov ntaub ntawv nyoos yuav tsum tsis txhob txiav, txij li txawm tias cov tshuaj me me kuj tsis zoo.
Mechanical degreasing, tawv
Nyob rau theem ntawm hnav khaub ncaws, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev rau kev tshem tawm cov subcutaneous rog deposits ntawm slaughtered tsiaj. Ib txhia craftsmen ua fleshing los ntawm tes, hos lwm tus xav siv cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb txhua yam, qhov tsim ntawm qhov zoo li lub suab ntxig nrog ntse ntug.
Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj ib qho kev paub, nws yog ib qho txaus ntshai rau kev tsoo xws li ib qho khoom siv, vim tsis txiav plaub hau yuav cuam tshuam qhov zoo ntawm hnav khaub ncaws ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Tau txais txiaj ntsim zoo, cov kws qhia tawm tswv yim kom tshem tawm cov txheej xaum, pib ntawm qhov Tshooj Tsuag, nrog kev sib txawv ntawm lub chaw axial mus rau lub plawv. 
Ntxuav
Tom qab dej cawv, lub cowhide yuav tsum tau ntxuav hauv dej sov. Rau qhov no nws pom zoo kom siv tshuaj ntxuav tes. Nws yog npaj nyob rau hauv ib feem ntawm 10 g: 1 l. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los siv tshuaj ntxuav tes, raws li lwm txoj hauv kev, tsim dej qab zib zoo.
Koj puas paub? Nyob rau hauv XVII-XIX centuries rau tus tsim ntawm qee cov phau ntawv siv qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm tib neeg tej tawv nqaij. Feem ntau feem ntau zoo nkauj dai kom zoo rau kev sib deev. Luam cov ntaub ntawv txhaum cai ntawm kev ua txhaum cov neeg ua txhaum yuav raug khi lawv cov tawv nqaij. Thiab qee zaum xws li cov phau ntawv tau ua los ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntawm tus tuag raws li lawv siab nyiam.
Pickling (los yog pickling)
Hauv kev txiav txim rau cov tawv phom los hloov lawv cov qauv, lawv khaws cia rau hauv cov kua chloride tshwj xeeb. Rau qhov kawg no, acetic acid ntawm lub concentration ntawm 0.15% thiab sodium chloride kua ntawm lub concentration ntawm 0.04% yuav tsum tau yaj hauv dej.
Pickling yuav periodic tov ntawm qhov tshwm sim resulting tom qab dipping cov khoom raw rau nws. Nws tuav yuav tsum kav ntev li 12 xuab moos, txog thaum lub sij hawm thaum lub dawb bands yog sab laug rau ntawm cov khoom khoov ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thaum lub sij hawm compression. 
Nyob rau theem no ntawm cov tawv nqaij, cov tshuaj pleev yuav hloov tau los ntawm kev yaug. Nws cov cuab yeej siv yog soak li ntxuav raw cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv ib qho aqueous kev ncua ntawm oatmeal los yog barley hmoov. Cov tshuaj yog npaj los ntawm dej sov, ntxiv 60 g ntsev thiab 100 g hmoov rau txhua txhua liter ntawm nws.
Tom qab sib tov tag nrho cov khoom xyaw nyob rau hauv resulting tshwm sim tau dipped ntawm daim tawv nqaij, tab sis tsis tawm nws rau ib lub sij hawm ntev yam tsis muaj kev saib xyuas. Cov craftsmen txawj qhia kom tas li soj ntsuam cov txiaj ntsim ntawm cov noob, vim cov khoom siv overexposed tsis zoo rau kev ua ntxiv.
Koj puas paub? Qhov kev txiav txim siab ua rau hauv cov nqaij ntshiv tau txais los ntawm cov tsiaj.. Cov leeg ntawm cov plaub hau ntawm cov plaub hau cog lus thiab nqa cov plaub mos-raws li ib tug tshwm sim, cov tsiaj cov plaub hau sawv ntawm xaus. Thaum rov qab ua rau mob khaub thuas, nws yuav pab kom lub cev kub ntev dua, thaum nws ua rau muaj kev phom sij, nws ua rau tsiaj qus loj dua thiab ntshai. Nyob rau hauv tib neeg, nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm evolution, cov plaub hau nyob rau hauv lub cev tsis txaus, thiab qhov no reflex twb tsis muaj lub ntsiab lus.
Tanning
Tom qab ua tiav lawm, cov cowhide yuav tsum muab tais. Cov cuab yeej ntawm cov txheej txheem no muab rau 6 xuab moos raug cov ntaub ntawv raw khoom hauv kev daws tshwj xeeb ntawm chromium oxide. Nyob rau hauv nws cov kev npaj, ib feem ntawm 1.5 g ntawm nquag tshuaj ib liter ntawm cov dej sov yog pom. Tom qab koj muab cov tawv nqaij tso rau hauv cov khoom xyaw resulting, nws tseem ceeb heev uas nws yuav ua rau nws tsis tseg. 
Qee cov tsiaj nyeg cov tsaj tanning tau siv ua:
- oak ntoo;
- stalks ntawm stinging nettle;
- ntab ntoo;
- alder biomass.
Tag nrho cov khoom tsim nyog yuav tsum tau muab txiav thiab txiav ntsuas hauv qhov sib npaug ntawm 250 g. Tom qab ntawd, npaj ib lub ntsev to taub rau ntawm 1:60 thiab ntxiv cov zaub sib tov rau nws. Cov kua yuav tsum tau muab rhaub kom sov thiab muab cov dej kub qis rau tsawg ib teev. Tom qab ntawd, lub tiav decoction yog lim, pub kom txias me ntsis, thiab ib tug cowhide yog soaked nyob rau hauv nws rau 6 xuab moos.
Kawm kom paub ntau ntxiv txog cov nyuj.
Rog
Nyob rau theem no, kev siv cuab yeej ntawm cov tawv nqaij ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg yuav ua rau kev tsim tshwj xeeb emulsion.
Nws yog ua los ntawm kev ntxiv cov khoom nram qab no rau cov dej rhuab mus rau 45-50 ° C:
- ntxhua khaub ncaws hnav khaub ncaws - 200 g;
- kua ammonia - 10 g;
- tej roj - 80 g
Txhua yam yog zoo sib tov, tom qab uas lub mezdrovuy sab ntawm daim tawv nqaij yog ua tib zoo kho nrog lub cuab tam tau. Qhov no yog ua nrog mos txhuam los yog hauv lub taub hau. Tom qab rog, cov tawv nqaij tsis zoo lawm thiab sab laug mus txog 24 teev.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Nws yog nruj me ntsis txwv kom qhuav cov tawv ze ntawm lub cua sov. Cov txheej txheem no yuav tsum tau nqa tawm ib txwm.
Cov tawv nqaij qhuav
Thaum kawg theem, cov tawv nqaij uas ua kom cov tawv nqaij nruj nreem rau ntawm ib daim phiaj ntoo lossis cov av flooring kom cov tub ntxhais kawm nyob rau saum toj. Koj yuav tsum tsis txhob overdo nws nyob rau hauv cov teeb meem no, vim tom qab muaj ntau cov kev kho mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij yuav tawg, tab sis qhov nro yuav tsum hnov. 
Rau tag nrho lub sij hawm ntawm ziab, nws yog pom zoo tias lub billet yuav tawm tawm txhua hnub nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw nraim rau airing. Thaum cov tawv nqaij nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm thaj chaw ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm ua ywj siab thiab xav tias qhuav, lawv tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm. Tom qab ntawd, nws tau pom zoo kom kis tau ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntawm ib lub tiaj tiaj thiab ntxuav lub hauv paus nrog lub txhuam hlau.
Koj puas paub? Ib lub ncov qaum qaib muaj cov tawv dub nyob rau hauv nws cov plaub. Cov khaub ncaws ntawm cov tsho tiv no lawv tus kheej yog cov pob tshab thiab khoob; yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv ntau yam mob, dais lub xim muaj peev xwm sib txawv los ntawm dawb mus yellowish. Nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws kub hauv kev poob cev qhev, ib lub ncov qaumteb qab zib tej zaum yuav txawm ntsuab ntsuab yog algae pib loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub bristles.Vim qhov no, cov khoom yuav dhau los ua ke thiab softer. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, abrupt jerks yog tsis tsim nyog. Lub cuab yeej yuav tsum txav txig thiab tusyees, uas yuav muab sab hauv ntawm daim tawv nqaij "suede" velvety. Tom qab ntawd, txog rau thaum kawg, nws raug xa mus so rau lwm 2 hnub.
Yees duab: daim tawv nqaij ua
Kev faib tawm ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg hides
Kev paub txog cov tsiaj txhu uas tau muaj cov cuab yeej siv ntawm cov khoom noj hauv tsev tsis zoo, txawv qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv cov tsiaj. Txhua ntawm lawv txawv nyob rau hauv theem ntawm lub zog thiab nuances nyob rau hauv processing. Xav txog ntau.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Yog tias cov cuab yeej siv tawv ua tom tsev muaj kev siv cov acids, nco ntsoov tias cov dej qab zib yuav pab tsis tau lawv txoj kev ua. Xav txog tias thaum muaj tshuaj lom tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav muaj ntau frothiness, yog li kev ua haujlwm xaiv cov chav nrog qhov chaw zoo.
Opoec
Qhov no yog calfskin, qhov yam ntxwv ntawm tus cwj pwm uas yog faded thiab felted primary wool. Cov ntaub ntawv nyoos rau cov khoom yog tsiaj txhu txij thaum yug mus rau qhov xaus ntawm mis noj.
Feem ntau, qhov loj ntawm qhov khoom siv tsis tshaj 800 m2. Hauv kev siv nws yog siv raws li lub hauv paus rau lub chaw ua khoom ntawm chrome tawv thiab lycra.
Sprout
Peb tham txog cov tawv nqaij ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas, hloov mus rau zaub mov. Lawv paub qhov txawv ntawm ib qho txawv ntawm cov paj hlwb thiab ib lub tsho yaj uas muaj lub plhaub, uas twb tiv dhau lub plawv lawm. Nws yog los ntawm hom no tias cov kws kho mob pib txiav txim siab seb cov khoom siv raw li cas los ntawm kev ntsuas. Feem ntau qhov nyhav ntawm qhov tua tsis tshaj 10 kg. Zoo li yav dhau los, nws yog siv rau ntawm lycra thiab chrome tawv.
Peb pom zoo nyeem txog seb qhov nruab nrab ntawm kev cia siab ntawm cov nyom thiab cov nyuj, thiab yam dab tsi txiav txim siab qhov nyhav nyuj.
Yalovka
Nws yog daim tawv nqaij ntawm kev sib deev thiab cov txiv neej.
Nyob ntawm qhov phaus qeb, yalovka tuaj yeem ua 3 hom:
- hnav (nyhav ntawm 13 mus rau 17 kg);
- nruab nrab (nws qhov hnyav yog los ntawm 17 mus rau 25 kg);
- hnyav (tshaj 25 kg).
Qhov hom ntawm tawv no zoo tagnrho rau kev siv ntawm velor, yuft, cheprak. 
Bychina
Xws li cov khoom siv yog cov zog ntawm lub zog thiab tsawg tsawg ntawm cov khib nyiab nyob rau cheeb tsam ntawm lub khis. Nws yog tsim los ntawm cov tawv nqaij ntawm castrated gobies, qhov ceeb thawj ntawm uas tshaj 17 kg.
Nyob ntawm qhov phaus, cov bulls tuaj yeem ua tau:
- hnav (nyhav ntawm 17-25 kg);
- hnyav (nws qhov hnyav tshaj 25 kg).
Peb qhia koj kom nyeem txog yuav ua li cas rau mis nyuj ib tug nyuj, muaj pes tsawg lub liters ntawm mis nyuj nws muab, thiab kuj pom seb yuav tsum tau rhuav tshem ib tug nyuj.
Bychina yog preferable rau kev ceev mechanical embossing. Dua li ntawm 5-millimeter thickness, nws yog cov ua los ntawm cov nplaim thiab khaws nws txoj kev tsis txaus siab txawm tias tom qab ua haujlwm ntau xyoo. 
Ntshai
Qhov no yog daim tawv nqaij ntawm bulls nyob rau hauv lub luj qeb ntawm ntau tshaj 17 kg, uas tsis raug castration. Hav yog tsi yog tsuas yog nce lub zog, tab sis kuj yog ib tug loj tuab. Bulls 'skins feem ntau siv los ua nappa, morocco, cheprak, Lavxias, blinders, thiab napklaka.
Raws li koj tau pom, ua tawv tsiaj hauv qab lub hwjchim ntawm txhua tus menyuam. Tus yuam sij rau kev vam meej yog ua raws li cov lus pom zoo ntawm cov kws tshaj lij thiab ua raws li cov kev xav tau tsim nyog. Tsis tas li ntawd, tsis txhob cuam tshuam nrog kev raug thiab kev mob siab. Peb cia siab tias peb tsab xov xwm yuav pab koj ua tiav qhov kev xav tau.
