Dej, cua sov, lub teeb thiab kev muab khoom noj yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov qoob loo ntawm cov qoob loo thiab kom tau cov txiaj ntsig zoo.
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj ntawm cov tshuaj tom qab oxygen, carbon thiab hydrogen yog cov zaub mov - nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) thiab potassium (K).
Txawm hais tias lawv yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm cov av, lawv cov nyiaj tsis txaus, uas leads mus rau qhov yuav tsum tau rau tshuaj chiv.
Cov chiv rau cereals: cov yam ntxwv dav dav
Chiv tau faib ua ob hom: organic thiab inorganic. Organic - chiv, compost thiab peat - yog ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj keeb kwm. Cov ntxhia muaj cov khoom tsim ua hauv nruab deg. Nkawd muaj kev yoojyim dua, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua thiab muaj kev ua ntau yam. Ntxiv mus, lawv pheej yig dua thiab yooj yim dua.
Kawm seb yuav siv li ib qho nqaij nyuj, nqaij npuas, luav, yaj, phom nees, nqaij qaib thiab pigeon droppings.Mineral chiv muaj hlau thiab cov acids, oxides, ntsev. Lawv yog cov yooj yim, hom ib yam khoom, thiab txoj.
Lub ntsiab hom ntawm yooj yim pob zeb hauv av chiv:
- Nitrogen - kua ammonia, ammonium chloride;
- phosphoric - superphosphate yooj yim, phosphate pob zeb;
- potash - poov tshuaj chloride.
Paub tias dab tsi yog cov khoom ntawm peat, yuav ua li cas ua compost.Nitrogen Nws yog heev tsim nyog rau txhua theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm ntsuab loj thiab tsim ntawm fetus. Nws ncaj qha rau cuam tshuam cov khoom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv raw thiab npaum li cas ntawm cov qoob loo.
Phosphorus, nyob rau hauv lem, yog indispensable rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm hauv paus system, flowering thiab tsos ntawm nplej. Nws deficiency ua rau ib tug slowdown nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tag nrho cov nroj tsuag, kev loj hlob ntawm cov paj thiab cobs.
Tshuaj Ntshaw tsuas yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev thauj mus los thiab kev faib dej. Yog tsis muaj cov keeb no, cereals tsis muaj zog rau cov chaw thiab cov dej ntuj.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Thaum nchuav thiab fertilizing grain cov qoob loo nrog pob zeb hauv av chiv, koj yuav tsum xub paub txog koj tus kheej nrog cov chaw tsim cov khoom siv txuas rau lawv siv. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau kev ua ke ntawm fertilizing.
Cov qib thiab cov nqe lus ntawm daim ntawv thov ntawm pob zeb hauv av chiv rau grain
Xav txog seb qhov hnav khaub ncaws hnav yuav tsum muaj rau cov qoob loo li cas, thiab thaum twg thiab thaum twg lawv yuav tsum ua.
Pob kws
Culture yog tsis tshua muaj neeg xav tau ntawm cov khoom muaj nqis ntawm cov av, thiab tsis muaj niaj hnub chiv ib tug yuav tsis xav tias ib theem siab tawm los. Pob kws xav tau kev noj haus thaum pib ntawm lub caij cog qoob loo thiab mus txog tag nrho cov ripeness ntawm grain. Feem ntau lub cev nqus ntawm cov kev pab cuam tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm los ntawm cov tsos ntawm sweeping poom mus rau flowering.
Scheme: thaum mus noj cov pob kws
Kawm dab tsi hom ntawm ntau yam thiab ntau yam ntawm pob kws muaj, yuav ua li cas cog, txheej txheem nrog herbicides, thaum los ntxuav, yuav ua li cas kom loj hlob rau silage, yuav ua li cas cia cov pob kws.Cov tshuaj yaj yeeb thiab phosphorus tso rau lub caij ntuj no plowing (lossis plough in the nonchernozem zone). Nitrogen yog qhov yuav tsum tau muaj nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav thaum lub sij hawm ua ntej cog qoob loo, thaum chiv raug ua thaum sown nyob rau hauv cog nests.
Yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj teeb meem ntawm kev daws teeb meem ntawm pob kws pob kws, cov ntaub qhwv to top yog siv nyob rau ntawm ib ntu ntawm lawv - 4-5 cm rau sab thiab 2-3 cm hauv qab cov noob. Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm feem ntau cov kev loj hlob kev loj hlob nws yog ib qhov zoo rau pub cov nroj tsuag nrog nitrogen.
Pob kws chiv rau hav zoov-steppe chernozem:
- nitrogen: ua ntej sowing - 100-120 kg / Ha, tom qab sowing - 2 kg / Ha;
- phosphorus: ua ntej sowing - 60-80 kg / Ha, tom qab sowing - 5 kg / Ha;
- poov tshuaj: ua ntej sowing - 80-100 kg / his.
Ntau tus neeg tsis paub txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm pob kws stigmas, tshaj li cov pob kws pab rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv.
Nplej
Nplej reacts zoo heev rau pob zeb hauv tshuaj. Caij nplooj ntoos hlav lis tiav qhov nqus ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov as-ham rau lub sij hawm pob ntseg - flowering. Yog hais tias tus precursors yog cereals, qos yaj ywm los yog beets, ces yuav tsum tau ntxiv pub mis, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog nitrogen, yog me ntsis siab dua. 
Lub tswv yim: thaum noj cov qoob loo Yog hais tias cov qoob loo cog rau hauv lub ntiaj teb tsis yog dub, qhov twg ntawm cov noob qoob loo thiab ntoo cereal siv los cog qoob loo, thiab nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam huv si, ces nws tsis xav tau ntau ntxiv nitrogen.
Nrhiav seb qhov nqi ntawm qhov muag ntawm lub caij ntuj no nplej, dab tsi thiab yuav ua li cas pub rau lub caij ntuj no nplej.Feem ntau cov nroj tsuag yog pub nrog nitrogen ua ntej sowing. Phosphoric thiab potash sab saum toj dressing yog zoo kawg nkaus nqa tawm nyob rau hauv kab thaum sown nrog tob cog ntawm chiv rau Autumn plowing nyob rau hauv ib lub complex nrog ib tug tsawg koob ntawm superphosphate.
Nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam irrigated, nws yog ib qhov zoo siv thaum ntxov fertilizing nrog nitrogen nrog nce koob. Fertilizing nrog nitrogen tom qab flowering, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog urea, yuav nce cov protein ntau thiab ci qualities ntawm grain.
Fertilizer ntawm lub caij ntuj no nplej rau hav zoov-steppe chernozem:
- nitrogen: ua ntej sowing - 30-40 kg / Ha, tom qab sowing - 40-60 kg / Ha;
- phosphorus: ua ntej sowing - 40-60 kg / his, thaum sowing - 10 kg / Ha;
- poov tshuaj: ua ntej sowing - 40-50 kg / Ha.
Koj puas paub? Cov nplej yog ib qho ntawm cov cereal uas xub thawj. Nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yuav raug txiav txim los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv ancient lub sij hawm lub Roman Empire tau hu ua "wheat empire". Thiab nyob rau hauv Russia los ntawm lub sij hawm immemorial grain cov qoob loo raug hu ua "nplua mias." Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, lo lus no pib qhia txog ib yam dab tsi nyob rau hauv coob tus xov tooj, thiab lub prefix "los ntawm" tshwm.
Barley
Barley kuj zoo heev teb rau pob zeb tshuaj. Nws yuav luag tag cov nqus cov khoom noj thaum lub sij hawm ntawm pob ntseg - flowering.
Nitrogen fertilizing yog ua ib txhij nrog pre-sowing kev kho mob ntawm cov av. Cov mov ntawm barley nrog phosphorus thiab poov tshuaj yog zoo los muab nrog tob cog ntawm to top hnav khaub ncaws rau Autumn plowing nyob rau hauv ib lub complex nrog ib tug tsawg ntim ntawm superphosphate los yog ammophos nyob rau hauv kab thaum sown.
Kawm yuav ua li cas sow lub caij ntuj no thiab caij nplooj ntoos hlav barley.Irrigation yuav tsum tau thaum ntxov fertilizing nrog nce doses ntawm nitrogen chiv. Pub nrog nitrogen tom qab flowering, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog urea, yuav nce protein cov ntsiab lus ntawm barley thiab txhim kho nws zoo.
Barley fertilizer system on hav zoov-steppe chernozem:
- nitrogen: ua ntej sowing - 60-80 kg / Ha;
- phosphorus: ua ntej sowing - 80-100 kg / his, thaum sowing - 10 kg / Ha;
- poov tshuaj: ua ntej sowing - 100-120 kg / his.
Oats
Oats tsis yog li xav tau ntawm cov nyob tus yeees ntawm cov av, xws li nplej los yog barley. Nws nqa ib tug zoo acidic av thiab yog resistant mus rau luv luv frosts.
Txwv tsis pub, nws yog characterized los ntawm tib yam kev ua ntawm haum ntawm muab kev pab cuam thiab xav tau los qhia nitrogen, phosphorus thiab poov tshuaj thaum lub sij hawm pre-sowing kev npaj ntawm cov av.
Kawm yuav ua li cas loj hlob oats, lub subtleties ntawm kev siv oats raws li ib tug siderata.Oat fertilizer system on hav zoov-steppe chernozem:
- nitrogen: ua ntej sowing - 40-60 kg / Ha;
- phosphorus: ua ntej sowing - 40-60 kg / his, thaum sowing - 10 kg / Ha;
- poov tshuaj: ua ntej sowing - 40-60 kg / his.
Pic
Feem ntau ntawm cov av uas yog cov nplej zom zus tuaj yog muaj kab mob thiab muaj qhov tsis txaus los ntawm phosphorus thiab nitrogen. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm potassium feem ntau yog txaus. Yog tias cov tshev tsis tau dej nyab, qhov saum toj kawg nkaus muaj nitrate, uas, thaum dej nyab, raug ntxuav sai sai thiab ua rau nitrate.
Nyob rau hauv kev txuas nrog tau leaching ntawm mov, ammonia cov ntaub ntawv ntawm nitrogen tshuaj yuav tsum tau siv - ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride thiab urea. Lub tom kawg yog tsis absorbed los ntawm cov av thiab yuav ntxuav tawm nrog dej dej.
Nitrogen chiv yog thov ua ntej lub sij hawm ntawm siab tshaj plaws xav tau rau mov - los ntawm germination mus rau thaum xaus ntawm tillering. Feem ntau ntawm (2/3) yog siv ua ntej yuav cog ua ke nrog phosphate, thiab so - thaum pub nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm los ntawm germination mus rau tillering.
Qhov siab npaum li cas ntawm nitrogen rau mov ntawm saline xau yog 90 kg / Ha thiab tib tus nqi ntawm phosphorus (tom qab alfalfa - txog 60 kg / Ha). Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv cov dej ntshiab nrog rov qab txhav, 120 kg / h ntawm nitrogen muaj nyob rau ntawm nplooj qus nplooj thiab peat loamy xau, thiab 180 kg / ha ntawm nitrogen thiab 90-120 kg / h ntawm phosphorus on cov av xuab zeb thiab silty-sandy.
Ntau dhau ntawm cov qauv nitrogen ua rau ib qho zuj zus ntawm lub caij cog qoob loo, txo kev tsis sib haum ntawm cov mov nplej mus rau qhov chaw thiab cov swb ntawm fungal kab mob, thiab nyob rau hauv caij txias - mus rau nce nyob rau hauv npliag grain. 
Phosphorus txo cov kev tsis zoo los ntawm kev muaj nitrogen ntau zog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lub sij hawm rooting ntawm mov thiab nws cov tillering. Vim tias qhov tsis muaj kev phosphorus hauv cov av, nws tuaj yeem tau ua ntej rau lub caij ntuj no plowing los yog rau tillage ua ntej sowing. Pub cov nroj tsuag nrog cov chiv yields ib tug me nce nyob rau hauv tawm los tshaj lawv pre-sowing los yog daim ntawv thov.
Cov poov tshuaj chiv tsuas yog siv ob peb xyoo tom qab cog zaub txhuam hauv ib daim tshev.
Yog li, thaum muab mov rau cov khub ua khub tom qab cov qoob loo thiab tom qab cog, nws yuav tsum tau 90-120 kg / h ntawm nitrogen thiab 60-90 kg / h ntawm phosphorus, thiab 60 kg / his nyob rau hauv txheej ntawm perennial grasses thiab tom qab lwm yam legumes. phosphorus thiab nitrogen. Nitrogen chiv tsuas yog siv ua ntej sowing mov thiab pub tus ntaiv.
Koj puas paub? Is Nrias teb yog qhov chaw yug ntawm txhuv, tau pom nws tshua, hnub qub rau hnub nyoog 7000 xyoo BC. e. Alexander Macedonian coj nplej mus rau Tebchaws Europe, thiab Petus lub Great coj nws tuaj rau Russia raws li lub npe "Saracen Millet". Nyob rau hauv Asia thiab Nyiv, qhov no kab lis kev cai kom deb li deb suav hais tias yog lub cim ntawm kev muaj nyiaj. Li no cov kev lig kev cai rau sprinkle newlyweds nrog mov nplej, xav lawv nyiaj txiag txoj kev vam meej.
Ntais ntawm chiv chiv
Pej xeem
Cov kab lis kev cai yog heev xav tau ntawm av fertility thiab yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm nce tsis kam mus drought. Feem ntau ntawm cov as-ham nws consumes nyob rau hauv 40-50 hnub - los ntawm tillering mus grain loading.
Thaum yug me nyuam millet nyob rau dub av ntawm sab qab teb thiab lub xau ntawm lub cheeb tsam ntawm steppe, phosphate chiv ua central. Nws yog qhov zoo heev los ntxiv tsawg koob ntawm superphosphate mus rau kab - 10 kg ib hectare.
Kawm yuav ua li cas loj hlob millet.Thaum lub sij hawm ib tug drought, kev cuam tshuam ntawm pub ntxiv nce nrog dej, ces phosphorus thiab nitrogen yog zoo nyob rau hauv lub complex. On raug chernozems, tiav pob zeb hauv av fertilizers ntse pom lawv tus kheej.
Sab saum toj hnav khaub ncaws uas muaj potassium thiab phosphorus yog siv nyob rau hauv Autumn rau plowing, thiab nitrogenous - nyob rau hauv tag nrho thaum lub sij hawm cultivation ua ntej sowing. Ces nyob rau hauv kab nrog noob koj yuav tsum tau ua kom phosphorous tuk nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm 10-15 kg / ha. (dv yog yam khoom xyaw).
Cov koob tshuaj ntawm phosphorus yog 60-80 kg / his d. In., Potassium - 90-110 kg / his d. Cov koob tshuaj nitrogen tau qhia yog nyob ntawm tus qauv hauv qab:
- tom qab leguminous, tilled, clover - 90 kg / his d.
- tom qab flax, buckwheat, lub caij ntuj no cereals - 110 kg / his d.
Rye
Txog thaum tillering, cov kab lis kev cai tsis xav tau ntau npaum li cas ntawm cov as-ham, tab sis nws tsis tshua muaj siab rau lawv cov deficiency, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog phosphorus. Qhov siab tshaj plaws xav tau minerals yog kaw nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm los ntawm mus rau hauv lub raj ua ntej pob ntseg - pib ntawm flowering. Txawm li ntawd los, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav pib ntawm kev loj hlob rau lub caij thiab lub sij hawm los ntawm kev tshwm sim ntawm tua mus rau tawm mus rau lub caij ntuj no.
Tag nrho cov Autumn khoom noj khoom haus ntawm rye nrog poov tshuaj thiab phosphorus muaj ib cov nyhuv lig rau nws tillering, tsom zuj zus ntawm sugars thiab nce nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no hardiness.
Kawm yuav ua li cas loj hlob rye thiab yuav ua li cas siv nws raws li ib tug ntsuab manure.Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav, thaum lub caij ntuj no rye pib loj hlob, nws yuav tsum tau nquag nkag nrog nitrogen. Ntxiv mus, thaum lub sijhawm no, vim tsis kub, leaching, thiab denitrification, cov av muaj ob peb qhov sib xyaw nitrogenous. Lig fertilization nrog nitrogen yog pom zoo los txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm grain thiab tsis cuam tshuam rau qhov nyiaj ntawm qoob loo.
Fertilizers ntawm lub caij ntuj no rye on hav zoov-steppe chernozem:
- nitrogen: ua ntej sowing - 30-40 kg / Ha, tom qab sowing - 40-60 kg / Ha;
- phosphorus: ua ntej sowing - 40-60 kg / his, thaum sowing - 10 kg / Ha;
- poov tshuaj: ua ntej sowing - 40-50 kg / Ha.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Ntxiv nrog rau tus nqi pheej yig, cov pob zeb hauv av muaj peev xwm los ua kom muaj huab cua tsis zoo, yog li ntawd nws yuav tsum tau ua raws nraim thiab ua tib zoo xyuas lawv cov kev xav kom zoo.
Kev Tawm Tsam Txuj Ci Hauv Nroj Tsuag
Misconception 1. Koj tuaj yeem tsis ua foliar hnav khaub ncaws, nws yog txaus kom fertilize cov av.
Qhov no tsis yog lawm; kev noj haus yog qhov tsim nyog rau cov hauv qab no:
- Nrog rau tus nqi txaus ntawm cov khoom uas yuav tsum tau muaj nyob rau hauv cov av tsis tshua muaj peev xwm tsis cia siv los ua cov hauv paus hniav, thiab tom qab ntawd mam li siv cov chiv rau daim ntawv yuav muab cov txiaj ntsim kom zoo.
- Foliar saum khaub ncaws zoo nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm lub extinction ntawm hauv paus system.
- Pub yog yooj yim rau kev nqa tawm thaum nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom sib txuas ua ke, piv txwv li, thaum lub grain ncav ib qhov siab.
- Cov pluas noj rau ntawm daim ntawv tso cai rau koj mus rau qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm fertilizer, uas yog, txhua yam nkag rau hauv cov nroj tsuag.
- Tshiab lub zog txuag yees txwv txoj kev ntawm kev siv chiv ntawv, thiab yog li ntawd nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau siv kom raug.
Qhov no kuj tsis muaj tseeb, vim hais tias pub rau ntawm ib daim ntawv muab ib qho kev txiav txim ntawm qhov ntau tsawg dua li cov nroj tsuag xav tau. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb tshaj ntawm lub caij ntuj no cov qoob loo nyob rau hauv thawj zaug, thaum lub ntsiab zaub mov yog tau los ntawm cov av. 
Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov hais tias qhov xaiv ntawm qhov tsis ncaj ncees lawm txoj kev thiab sij hawm ntawm kev pub zaub nroj tsuag tuaj yeem cuam tshuam ntawm lawv txoj kev loj hlob thiab txawm tawm los poob.
Qhov yuam kev tshaj plaws:
- Ntev ntau concentration ntawm cov tshuaj yuav ua rau nplooj hlawv hlawv. Yuav zam tau qhov no, ua tib zoo nyeem cov lus qhia rau cov tshuaj.
- Independent ua ke nrog lwm cov kev pub mov tuaj yeem ua rau tsim kom muaj cov tshuaj sib xyaw chemical tsis zoo rau cov nroj tsuag thiab ua mob rau cov nroj tsuag. Koj yuav tsum paub koj tus kheej nrog cov chiv kom haum cov ntxhuav los ntawm lawv cov manufacturers.
- Ua tsis zoo los sis tsis sib txig ntawm cov hnav khaub ncaws saum toj ntawm nplooj ntoos, tsis-npog ntawm qis nplooj ntawm cov nroj tsuag.
- Muab xam cov ntaub ntawv tsis zoo rau daim ntawv thov. Qhov kev xam yuav tsum tau nqa tawm tsis tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm lub vev xaib, tab sis los ntawm qhov tseeb thaj av.
- Cov lus txhais ntawm cov lus taw qhia tsis yog.
Fertilizer ntawm grain cov qoob loo nrog pob zeb hauv av chiv yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv khaus loj hlob, kom ntseeg tau tias kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab siab yield. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis txhob hnov qab tias kev npaj khoom noj khoom haus yuav tsum tau ua tus kheej rau txhua tus neeg ua liaj ua teb thiab hom qoob loo.
Yuav ua li cas rau fertilize cereals: xyuas
