Rau ntau xyoo, breeders tau pom ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm ntau yam ntawm pears, txawm li cas los, qhov tsis sawv ntsug tseem, yog li tej zaum peb yuav pom lub ntuj hloov uas tsim tshiab ntau yam. Hnub no peb yuav tham txog Williams Red pear, piav qhia txog ntau yam, thiab tham txog nws cov kev ua tau zoo thiab qaug zog.
Hauv keeb kwm
Ntau yam "Williams" tau raug coj los ua thaum ntxov li 1796 thiab muaj npe tom qab breeder Williams Christa, tiam sis qhov liab txawv ntawm nws tus kheej, nthawv, tsis muaj tib neeg lub peev xwm. Yog tias, pear "Williams Rouge Delbara" tsis yog lub txiv ntawm lub dag zog ntawm breeders, tab sis ib qho yooj yim ntuj hloov.
Tsob ntoo piav qhia
Lub qhov me me yog qhov tsawg dua li ntawm cov dej ntshiab. Lub crown yog framed nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug pyramid, tsis thickened. Cov ceg loj tuaj ntawm ib qho mob ntawm 40˚ los ze rau ntawm lub hauv paus, thiab apical tua khoov mus rau hauv av nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib qho arc. Daim hlau cov ntawv tsis txawv qhov sib txawv thiab loj los ntawm tus txheej txheem. 
Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias daim tawv ntoo ntawm tsob ntoo muaj tawg, uas yog txuam nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm varietal, thiab tsis nrog kev ua si ntawm kab.
Tshawb nrhiav lwm yam pears: "Otradnenskaya", "Lada", "Fairytale", "Veles", "Rogneda", "Nika", "Talgar beauty", "Duchess", "Petrovskaya", "Severyanka", "Avgustovskaya dew "," Kokinskaya "," Bryansk Beauty "," Thumbelina "," Hera "," Nyiam nyiam Klapp "," Marble "," Tenderness ".
Txiv Hmab Txiv Ntoo Txheej
Paub qhov "mutant" los ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, "Williams" yog qhov yooj yim, txij thaum xub thawj muaj xim zoo nkauj. Pears tsis tsuas yog pleev xim rau hauv ntxoov liab thiab liab doog, tab sis kuj muaj ib tug ntau elongated duab.
Qhov nruab nrab txiv hmab txiv ntoo luj yog 200-250 g. Pears muaj ib tug ntawm daim tawv nyias. Cov nqaij yog daj, mos mos heev thiab muaj kua. Lub saj yog heev pear pear nrog nutmeg tsw. Muaj me ntsis qaub ncaug. 
Koj puas paub? Nyob rau hauv Switzerland, pear txiv hmab txiv ntoo tsim tawm ib tug heev concentrated syrup, uas yog hu ua "pear zib mu", tab sis no Sweet muaj ib yam dab tsi ua nrog tus niaj zaus zib mu.
Cov Teeb Kom Ua Raws Cai
Tsob ntoo cog rau hauv ib qho chaw qhib, raws li nws xav tau ntau lub hnub ci thiab cua sov. Txawm tias ib tug shading me ntsis yog tsis tau, vim lub crown ntawm tsob ntoo yog heev tuab, uas yog vim li cas qhov qis tua twb raug kev txom nyem los ntawm ib tug tsis muaj lub teeb.
Cov av uas yuav tsum tau
Qhov ntau yam nyiam fertile, zoo-drained av, yog li ntawd sai li sai tau cog ib seedling on ib fertile substrate, los yog siv ib tug txaus tus nqi ntawm humus, tshauv los yog superphosphate thaum cog. Yog hais tias cov av yog cov neeg pluag, ces koj yuav tsum tau thov ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm fertilizer txhua txhua xyoo. 
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb teev hais tias tus txiv npua tsis nyiam dej, yog li ntawd yog hais tias koj tsis tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov av, ces ua haujlwm ntawm nws cov qauv: ntxiv cov xuab zeb los yog ua kom zoo kua dej ntawm cov av nplaum los yog nplua gravel.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Cov av yuav tsum tsis yog qaub heev los yog alkaline, nws yog qhov zoo dua los lo rau qhov nruab nrab xaiv.
Pollination
Hmoov tsis Qhov no ntau yam yog self-infertile, yog li nws yuav twv yuav raug hu xav lwm pear pollinators. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws yog cov nram no: "Nyiam Clapp", "Forest Beauty" thiab "Bere Gardi". 
Nws yuav tsum to taub tias samobzoplodnye ntau yam rau txiv hmab txiv ntoo teem yuav tsum tau txais pollen los ntawm ntau yam uas tsis fruitless. Txawm hais tias kab tsuag, tsob ntoo yuav tsis txua ib qoob qoob txhua txhua tshwj tsis yog tias muaj lwm cov ntoo uas tsim nyog rau qhov chaw pollination nyob ze.
Fruiting
Txiv hmab txiv ntoo "Williams Red" pib thaum hnub nyoog 5 xyoos. Kom txog thaum no tsob ntoo tuaj yeem tawg, tab sis qhov qe menyuam yuav tsis.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Lub Tshuag yog ua rau ib tug quince seedling.
Gestation lub sijhawm
Rau kev siv tus kheej, cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo raug muab tshem tawm nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov Cuaj hlis, txij li thaum nws yog tias qhov txheeb raws roj ntsha tshwm sim, thiab pears yuav tsis tau yuav tsum tau ripened. 
Sau kom loj hlob tshwm sim nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub yim hli ntuj, thiab cov khoom yuav tsum tau ripening rau txog 16-18 hnub.
Tawm
Qhov nruab nrab tawm los yog 10-12 tuj ntawm ib hectare, yog tias tsob ntoo yuav tau txais cov khaub ncaws saum toj kawg nkaus, dej thiab tshav ntuj kom txaus.
Yog tias koj sib piv nrog cov ntshiab ntau yam "Williams", lub mutant muab tsawg dua.
Kev thauj khoom thiab kev cia khoom
Thaum khaws cia cov khoom nyob rau hauv ib tug txias, zoo-ventilated cia, pears dag rau txog li 2-2.5 lub hlis. Thaum khov, txee lub neej yog tsawg kawg 1 xyoos. 
Kev tsav tsheb yog qhov nruab nrab. Yog hais tias thauj cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm kev tshem tawm, qhov khoom tau txais tsawg heev kev puas tsuaj. Yog hais tias tus pears yog siab siav, ces thauj lawv tshaj ntev ncua kev tsis raug nqi-zoo vim poob.
Disease thiab Kab Tsuag tsis kam
Qhov ntau yam muaj qhov nruab nrab tsis kam mus rau scab, uas yog, nws yog cuam tshuam tsuas yog hais tias lub loj hlob tej yam kev mob tsis txaus siab. Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias "Williams red" yog ib qho yooj yim rau cov kab mob xws li: cytosporosis, txiv hmab txiv ntoo qaub, xeb, hauv paus cancer.
Koj tuaj yeem kho tau txhua yam kab mob tshwj tsis yog mob cancer. Qhov no muaj tus kab mob tsis kho thiab yuav tsum tau kev puas tsuaj ntawm ntoo, thiab raws li qhov disinfection ntawm cov av, yog li ntawd "kab mob" tsis kis mus rau lwm yam nroj tsuag. 
Hais tias yog, yog hais tias tag nrho cov keeb kwm yog cuam tshuam los ntawm cancer, ces nws yog yooj yim mus uproot tsob ntoo thiab hlawv nws. Yog hais tias ib feem me me ntawm hauv paus system cuam tshuam, ces nws yog muab tshem tawm, thiab noj qab haus huv keeb kwm yog kho nrog 1% tooj liab sulphate.
Lwm cov kab mob yog yooj yim kho nrog fungicides. Ua ntej, koj tam sim ntawd ua kom puas tag nrho cov nceb uas muaj cab los yog mus rau hauv cov ntoo. Secondly, koj tsis tas yuav paub tseeb raws nraim li cas fungal tus kab mob ntaus lub pear nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav siv ib tug tsim kev kho. Nws yog txaus yuav fungicide ntawm ib tug ntau spectrum ntawm kev txiav txim thiab tua tag nrho cov kab mob-tsim fungi ib zaug.
Raws li rau cov kab tsuag, pear yog cuam tshuam los ntawm cov kab "standard" cab rau cov nroj tsuag no: aphids, cov kab ua pear, pear mites thiab cov kab mos, thiab California daim thaiv. 
Rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm txhua cov cab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv ib tsob ntoo loj, nws yog qhov zoo dua rau kev mob siab rau kev pab los ntawm chemistry. Tsob ntoo kho nrog cov tshuaj tua kab, hauv cov spectrum uas muaj cov cab no hais saum toj no.
Frost tsis kam
Tsis kam mus Frost yog nruab nrab, yog li ntawd nws tsis pom zoo rau cultivation nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam sab qaum teb. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsim nyog teev hais tias lub paj muaj ib txoj hauv siab ua kom zoo, yog li koj tsis raug poob ntawm tag nrho cov qoob loo, yog thaum kawg ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav huab cua txiav txim siab ua ib lub plhaub taum.
Siv txiv hmab txiv ntoo
Pears ntawm no ntau yam yog universal siv. Lawv, ntxiv rau kev noj tshuaj, tuaj yeem qhuav taus, tsim cawv txiv hmab hauv lawv lub hauv paus, los yog siv marinades. 
Koj puas paub? Pear wood feem ntau yog siv los ua cov tais diav hauv chav ua noj, raws li nws tsis "ua rau" ntxhiab tsw thiab tsis tuaj yeem vim tias ya raws.
Muaj zog thiab qaug zog
Tom ntej no, peb piav txog qhov ua tau zoo thiab tsis muaj zog los txiav txim seb puas yuav cog qoob loo hauv thaj chaw koj nyob.
Tshaj tawm
- High khoom muag thiab saj zoo ntawm cov khoom.
- Zoo zoo tawm los.
- Pears yog hnyav heev.
- Tsob ntoo muaj qhov siab me me, uas tso cai rau koj kom yooj yim sau cov txiv.
Ntseeg
- Tsawg tsis kam mus rau drought thiab Frost.
- Nws cuam tshuam yuav luag txhua cov kab mob ntawm pear, yog li kev kho mob nrog tshuaj.
- Self-infertility tsis pub tsim ib lub vaj tsuas yog vim "Williams ntawm tus liab."
Raws li cov lus saum toj no, nws muaj peev xwm xaus rau ntau yam, tab sis nws muaj qhov "yooj yim" qhov ntev ntawm qhov saum toj no-av, nws tsis txawv, tab sis tsis sib txawv rau cov kab mob los yog cov kab mob ntawm huab cua, thiab yog li ntawd tsis tuaj yeem cog cog qoob loo uas yuav raug muag. Tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv rau cov kab mob txhawb kom cov tswv los mus tas li kev kho mob, uas zoo heev cuam tshuam rau qhov ib puag ncig huv ntawm cov khoom, nrog rau kev txaus siab. Yog li no, "Williams Red" tsuas yog tsim kom muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj ntau hom palet varietal hauv vaj thiab sim ua tej yam tshiab.
