Tus txiv neej ua ke los txhim kho tej qhov chaw pub dawb hauv daim duab. Cog pears yog lub luag haujlwm thiab loj heev, tiam sis qhov zoo ntawm qhov tswv yim zoo li no tsis zoo. Thaum xaiv ntau yam, gardeners them mloog mus rau tawm los, txiv hmab txiv ntoo yam ntxwv thiab lub caij ntuj no hardiness ntawm tsob ntoo. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb yuav tham txog pear ntau yam, uas feem ntau txaus siab tag nrho cov saum toj no tsis.
Yug me nyuam
Peary ntau yam "Permyachka" tau tsim nyob rau hauv Yekaterinburg ntawm Sverdlovsk Horticultural cog chaw nres tsheb. Qhov kev xaiv koom tes nrog Professor Leonid Andrianovich Kotov. Pear "Permyachka" tau muab coj los ua rau lub vaj lub Perm, Sverdlovsk, Kirov thiab Nizhny Novgorod thaj tsam. Qhov ntau yam tau muab los ntawm kev hla ntau hom "Ntsiab" × "Elena" + "Cosmic".
Kev piav qhia thiab txawv txav ntawm ntau yam
Raws li botanical piav qhia, pear ntau yam "Permyachka" muaj siab Frost tsis kam. Chaw ua taus zes yog tswj ntawm qhov xaus ntawm ntau yam rau cog nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus thiab sab qaum teb ib feem ntawm Russia. Xib fwb Kotov thov tias "Permyachka" nrog kev tu xyuas zoo yuav muaj peev xwm dais txiv hmab txiv ntoo txawm nyob hauv Siberia.
Xav paub ntau ntxiv txog kev cog qoob loo ntawm pear ntau yam Otradnenskaya, Lada, Fairy Tale, Veles, Rogneda, Nika, Talgar Beauty, Duchesha, Petrovskaya, Severyanka, Avgustovskaya dew, Kokin, Bryansk Beauty, Thumbelina, Hera, Klapp tus nyiam, Marble, Tenderness.
Ntoo
Ib tsob ntoo ntawm no pear yog characterized los ntawm kev ceev cov nqi kev loj hlob, thiab yog tias nws tsis tsim cov sij hawm luv luv, nws tuaj yeem ncav qhov ntau loj (ob qhov ntev thiab dav ntawm lub yas). Lub crown yog wide-pyramidal los yog nyob rau hauv cov duab ntawm ib tug elongated oval. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo ntawm active fruiting tua tsis tau withstand lub pawg ntawm txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab ua txhaum nyob rau hauv lawv qhov ceeb thawj. Lub cev ntawm tsob ntoo yog muaj zog thiab ruaj khov, yuav luag tsis puas los ntawm kab tsuag.
Koj puas paub? Cov neeg kho nyob hauv lub tebchaws Greece yog siv pears los kho cov kev xeev siab thiab kev mob kev nkeeg.
Tsob ntoo no yuav tsum tau muaj tus kabmob pollinating. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg yuav ntau yam ntawm pears "Severyanka". Nrog rau kev saib xyuas ntawm cov nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv central Russia, koj muaj peev xwm sau txog li 80 kg ntawm txiv hmab txiv ntoo rau ib lub caij.
Txiv hmab txiv ntoo
Txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm "Permyachka" ntau yam muaj ntau loj me me (los ntawm 80 mus rau 150 g). Thaum cog zus rau industrial purposes, yog tias koj ua raws li cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tu xyuas, cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ncav cuag ib qhov ceeb thawj ntawm 200 g lossis ntau dua. Pears yog tswb-puab nrog ribbed nto.
Cov xim ntawm unripe txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog ci ntsuab, ripe - hnub ci daj. Raws li ib txhia gardeners hais, ib tug qab ntxiag blush rau pears tsuas yog pom thaum lub sij hawm ntev ntawm lub caij ntuj sov ntev lub caij ntuj sov nrog cua kub ncig +30 ° C, uas yog heev tsawg nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus cheeb tsam ntawm Russia.
Lub pulp ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm no pear ntau yam yog heev kev sib tw thiab Sweet, sourness yog tag nrho tsis tuaj kawm ntawv. Txiv hmab txiv ntoo nyob rau hauv ib seem ntawm cov xim dawb, tsis muaj hlwb, pob zeb zoo. Ntau cov tswv yim yuav ntaus nqi hom pears los ntawm 5 ntsiab lus tawm ntawm 5. 
Harvesting siv qhov chaw nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-Lub yim hli ntuj - thaum ntxov Lub Cuaj Hli. Yog hais tias cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo raug tshem tawm ntawm tsob ntoo nyob rau hauv ib qho kev ua tsis taus, ces lawv yuav "ncav" hauv 3-4 hnub (lawv yuav tsum tau pw tawm ua ke hauv tshav).
Yuav ua li cas xaiv lub seedlings
Thawj zaug ntawm tag nrho cov, kuv xav nco ntsoov tias koj tsuas yog xav tau yuav seedlings ntawm ntseeg sellers. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los mus xyuas qhov chaw loj saib xyuas me nyuam los yog qee qhov chaw zov me nyuam. Kev yuav cog cov khoom ntawm lub khw muag khoom, koj yuav muaj kev ywjfab lossis muaj ntau yam pear (thiab yog tias koj qhov kev paub txog kev ua teb yog qhov phem, ces tus neeg sojntsuam yuav tuaj yeem muag koj lwm lub cog dua tsis pears).
Thaum xaiv ib tug seedling, nws yog ib qhov tsim nyog yuav tau muab preference rau ib tug txhua xyoo nroj tsuag, txij li ib tug ob xyoos tau muaj ib qho kev muaj zog txaus thiab extensive paus system, thiab nws yuav yooj yim dua kom khov rau li ib tug seedling. Tsis tas li ntawd them nyiaj tshwj xeeb rau lub chaw txhaj tshuaj. Nws yuav tsum nyob rau theem ntawm 5-15 cm los ntawm hov paus ntawm lub hauv paus. Ib tsob ntoo uas muaj kuab zoo muaj qhov qis me ntsis, vim hais tias cov Tshuag yog hlais thiab cov hniav siv me ntsis ntawm lub kaum ntse ntse.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Ua ntej cog, seedlings yog zoo tshaj plaws khaws cia nyob rau hauv ib tug prikope.
Thaum kuaj lub yub, tev tawm lub tawv nrog koj cov ntiv tes. Yog hais tias nws muaj ib lub teeb ntsuab xim, ces cov khoom cog yog noj qab nyob zoo thiab haum rau cog. Tsis tas li ntawd, saib ntawm hauv paus system ntawm ib tug hluas nroj tsuag: nws yuav tsum yog dawb los ntawm mechanical puas tsuaj thiab rot. Thiab thaum kawg, nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg hais tias seedlings yog yuav nrog ib tug bare pob tw thiab tua - uas yog, yam uas tsis muaj nplooj. Qhov tseeb yog hais tias nplooj yuav muaj peev xwm evaporate noo noo, raws li ib tug cov nroj tsuag tau qhuav tawm. 
Xaiv qhov chaw rau ntawm qhov chaw
Rau cog pears "Permyachka" koj yuav tsum tau xaiv ib lub hnub ci chaw. Southeastern lossis sab hnub tuaj ntawm qhov chaw yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Cov xim tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau them rau cov dej hauv av: nws yuav tsum tsis pub ze tshaj 3 m rau qhov chaw. Cov av nplaum xau tsis haum rau cog cov khoom cog, thiab yog tias hom av av nyob ntawm koj lub vev xaib, ces nws yuav tsum raug hloov los ntawm cov txheej txheem los ntawm txheej.
Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias pear ntau yam "Permyachka" zoo dua tsis cog tom ntej mus rau lub roob tshauv. Qhov tseeb tias cov nroj tsuag uas cuam tshuam los ntawm tib yam pests thiab cov kab mob, yog li tsis tas yuav ua piv rau lawv cov hauj lwm. Cov nroj tsuag reacts nquag rau av acidity (xaiv xau nrog rau nruab nrab pH). 
Npaj ua hauj lwm ua ntej yuav tsaws
Lub qhov tsaws tsoo yuav tsum pib ua noj thaum caij nplooj ntoos zeeg (yog tias lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav cog qoob loo). Cov av nyeg subside, thiab yog tias koj khawb ib qhov nyob rau hnub ntawm cog, lub yub yuav mus tob mus rau hauv av nrog rau lub caj dab radical, thiab qhov no yog heev detrimental rau cov tub ntxhais hluas cov nroj tsuag. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos zeeg koj tsis nco qab mus khawb ib qhov, ces ua nws nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav, tab sis tsis pub dhau ib lub lim tiam ua ntej pib ntawm cog.
Qhov tob ntawm aub tsiv yuav nyob ntawm seb lub ntim ntawm hauv paus system ntawm seedling (on nruab nrab, koj yuav tsum tau khawb mus rau ib tug tob ntawm 50-70 cm). Qee lub sij hawm nws yog qhov zoo dua los mus nce lub tob, txij li ob peb lub kaum ntawm phaus ntawm fertile av yog poured mus rau hauv qab.
Raws li ib tug fertile av, koj muaj peev xwm siv ib tug sib tov ntawm River xuab zeb, humus, peat thiab vaj teb av.
Cov tshuaj kua qaub thiab superphosphate yuav tsum tau ntxiv rau cov av. Nitrogen fertilization yog undesirable.
Yog hais tias cov av theem dej nyob ze rau ntawm cov av, lub yub yuav tsum tau muab nrog lub cev kua. Raws li ib lub tsev ntaub haum tawg cib, rubble, thiab lwm yam. Tsis tas li ntawd, ua ntej cog, tsis txhob hnov qab ua notches nyob rau hauv tag nrho volume ntawm fossa. Lub notches yuav ua kom cov pa pauv ntawm lub hauv paus system, raws li ib tug tshwm sim, cov nroj tsuag yuav loj hlob thiab tsim sai dua.
Koj puas paub? Pears tau coj tuaj rau teb chaws Europe los ntawm South Asia txog 3000 txhiab xyoo dhau los. Ua ntej ntawd, lawv tau khawb hauv tebchaws Suav, uas lawv tau suav hais tias Vajtswv tau pub koob hmoov.
Yog hais tias tus cog aub tsiv yog npaj, ces koj yuav tsum pib npaj lub seedling. Cov txheej txheem no yog yooj yim heev: npaj ib tug sib tov ntawm peat, humus, vaj teb, superphosphate thiab ntoo tshauv, ntxiv me ntsis dej (kom txog thaum tsim ntawm ib tug mucous loj) thiab poob lub keeb kwm ntawm seedling nyob rau hauv lub resulting daws. Xws li ib tug txheej txheem yuav accelerate kev loj hlob ntawm hauv paus system thiab tiv thaiv cov tub ntxhais hluas seedling los ntawm ntau cov pests thiab cov kab mob. 
Cov kauj ruam-ua-theem txheej txheem ntawm cog seedlings
Kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem ntawm cog pear seedlings yuav siv cov kev ua qis ua raws li txuas mus ntxiv no:
- Cog cov khoom yuav tsum muab tso rau hauv lub qhov taub kom lub caj dab radical yog raws nraim ntawm theem ntawm ciam av thiab huab cua.
- Tom ntej, lub seedling yog them nrog lub ntiaj teb nyob rau hauv 1/2 ntawm qhov tob ntawm aub tsiv, cov av yog ib tug me ntsis rammed.
- Tam sim no ua chiv diluted nyob rau hauv dej yog thov, thiab ces tus aub tsiv yog sprinkled mus rau thaum xaus.
- Nyob ze ntawm lub caj dab hauv paus koj yuav tsum tawm hauv qhov kev nyuab siab me me uas yog npaj rau kev ywg dej. Tam sim ntawd tom qab no, lub seedling yog khi rau ib tug ntoo ceg txheem ntseeg (qhov no muaj txhawb rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntoo).
- Tom ntej, lub seedling yog watered nrog 20 liv dej, ces cov av nyob ib ncig ntawm lub pob tw yog mulched. Raws li mulch koj yuav siv tau sawdust, straw, Pine koob, peat, lwm yam zoo li
Lub caij ntu saib xyuas
Kev saib xyuas zoo rau pear ntoo ntau yam "Permyachka" yuav cia koj mus rau ib xyoos ib zaug ntau ntawm cov qoob loo, cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm uas cog lus nrog siab saj.
Kev tu xyuas av
Tam sim ntawd nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias mulching ntawm cov av nyob ib ncig ntawm lub nroj tsuag yuav tsum tau ua tsuas yog tom qab cog. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, xws li ib tug txheej txheem yog tsis tsim nyog thiab yog nqa tawm tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam nrog muaj zog caij ntuj no frosts.
Txawm li cas los, niaj zaus watering tseem yog ib kauj ruam tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv kev tu rau ib tug me nroj tsuag. Nyob rau hauv lub kub lub caij, tsob ntoo yuav tsum tau watered txhua txhua 7-10 hnub. Nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag ncuav 20-30 liv ntawm dej sov. Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg thiab caij nplooj ntoos hlav, tus naj npawb ntawm waterings yuav tsum tau txo, lwm txoj kev pheej hmoo ntawm fungal kab mob yuav nce ceev nrooj. 
Ob peb teev tom qab hnyav dej uas yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau yav tsaus ntuj los yog thaum sawv ntxov, cov av nyob ib ncig ntawm tsob ntoo yuav tsum tau hnav. Cov txheej txheem no yuav ua rau kom muaj pa pauv hauv cov av. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm loosening, koj muaj peev xwm ib txhij koom nyob rau hauv weeding, yog hais tias yuav tsum tau los ntawm cov av. Weeds ib ncig ntawm lub nroj tsuag yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm tsis tu ncua, raws li lawv noj deb ntawm cov av ntau ntawm muab kev pab cuam uas tsob ntoo xav tau.
Sab saum toj hnav khaub ncaws
Ua ntej koj pib noj koj cov pears, koj yuav tsum paub koj tus kheej nrog lub tswv yim ntawm "chaw noj mov". Qhov chaw noj zaub mov yuav tsum muaj lub voj voos-thaj chaw uas yog thaj chaw, uas sib npaug ntawm cov qoob loo ntawm cov nroj tsuag; ib qho chaw yuav tsum raug kho nrog ib lossis lwm chiv hauv ib lub caij nyoog ntawm cov nroj tsuag lub neej. 
Piv txwv li, ib tug me nyuam yaus cog (txog li 4 xyoos) muaj thaj tsam ntawm 5 m². Qhov no txhais tau hais tias lub voj voog (qhov chaw ntawm lub cev yog lub cev) nrog ib lub vojvoog ntawm 125 cm (koj tuaj yeem rov ntsuas dua raws li cov qauv qub rau thaj tsam ntawm lub voj voog) yuav tsum tau kho nrog kua chiv. Hais tias yog, ib qho kev tov ntawm qee cov chiv ua thiab yog muab faib rau tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm lub voj voog. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias thaj tsam ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus ntawm 4 txog 8 xyoo txawv hauv thaj tsam ntawm 9-12 m² (lub vojvoog ntawm lub voj voog yog 170-195 cm). Cov ntoo uas muaj hnub nyoog tshaj 8 xyoo muaj thaj tsam ntawm 20 m² thiab ntau dua.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Ib qho tshaj ntawm nitrogenous kab kawm nyob rau hauv cov av yuav ua rau ib deterioration nyob rau hauv tag nrho theem ntawm fruiting.Technically correct fertilizing pears "Permyachka" yuav tsum muaj txheej txheem:
- Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav, thaum hmo ntuj frosts yog tag nrho ploj mus, cov av nyob ib ncig ntawm tsob ntoo yuav tsum tau loosened. Tam sim ntawd tom qab no, cov organic chiv yuav tsum tau thov: chiv, peat, compost, humus, lwm yam zoo li
- Nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov thiab lub caij nplooj zeeg, tsob ntoo yuav tsum tau pub nrog ib qho potassium / phosphorus / nitrogen hauv feem ntawm 4: 1: 3. Cov khoom noj khoom haus no muaj peev xwm yuav tau ntawm txhua lub tsev muag khoom noj. Feem ntau cov mineralings pleev xim yog diluted nrog dej thiab ua ke thov kom tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm kev noj haus ntawm pear tsob ntoo.
- Rau zoo dua fruiting thiab thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm lub ovary txiv hmab txiv ntoo, tsob ntoo muaj peev xwm yuav pub nrog organic teeb meem. Kev pub noj yog tseem nqa tawm rau tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm kev noj haus. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws organic teeb meem nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yuav yog tus mullein los yog slurry. Txhua yam ntawm cov khoom no yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv cov dej ntawm tus nqi ntawm 1: 5 (rau ib feem ntawm cov organic teeb meem 5 qhov dej).
- Tom qab xaus ntawm flowering, nws yog unacceptable mus pub nitrogen chiv, tab sis potash thiab phosphate chiv yog tsim nyog (rau zoo dua fruiting).
Nco ntsoov tias fertilizing yuav tsum muaj txheej txheem thiab meej raws li cov khoom noj. Overabundance nyob rau hauv cov av ntawm ib co macro / micronutrients tuaj yeem ua rau cov kab mob tsob ntoo thiab txo qis hauv tag nrho theem ntawm fruiting.Pruning
Pear ntau yam "Permyachka" zoo heev teb rau lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav pruning thiab rejuvenation. Tab sis nws tsis yog yuav tsum tau kom shorten tua thiab longline ceg, raws li kev loj hlob dhia hauv ib qho kev ruaj ntseg tsis muaj peev xwm ua kom accelerate ob peb zaug. Feem ntau, tsuas yog cov tua raug muab tshem tawm uas tau hais kom mus rau qhov chaw ntawm lub yas los yog cuam tshuam nrog kev loj hlob ntawm longline ceg.
Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm thinning, lub tiering ceg ntawm thawj thiab thib ob thiaj li yog shortened by 1/5 ntawm qhov ntev. On lub pob tw tsuas yog cov tua raug muab tshem tawm uas cuam tshuam nrog tsim ntawm longline daim ntawv ntawm lub crown. 
Cov ntoo uas muaj hnub nyoog tshaj 6-7 xyoo yog pruned txhua 1-2 xyoo. Es, nws yuav yog ib tug rejuvenating pruning. Nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev nws yog tsim nyog los tshem tawm tag nrho cov qhuav thiab puas ceg, raws li tau zoo raws li cov tua uas hinder qhov kev loj hlob ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas fruitful twigs. Tom qab txiav qhov mob, nws yog ib qhov tsim nyog los npog nws nrog av nplaum thiaj li hais tias pathogens tsis ntaus tsob ntoo.
Kev tiv thaiv tawm tsam txias thiab nas
Yuav kom scare deb rodent pears los ntawm seedlings nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no, nws yog ib qhov tsim nyog yuav tsum tau tsim nyog ntsuas nyob rau hauv ib tug raws sijhawm. Ib qho ntawm txoj kev tiv thaiv yog ntim ntawm lub cev ntawm cov nroj tsuag mus rau cov ceg ntawm thawj theem nrog brushwood, plaster rubbing, thiab lwm yam. Tsis tas li ntawd, niaj hnub no muaj ntau cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj peev xwm uas muaj peev xwm ntawm scaring nas. Koj tuaj yeem yuav cov cuab yeej no yuav luag txhua lub vaj tsev loj. 
Pib los npaj cov ntoo rau lub caij ntuj no yuav tsum yog los ntawm Lub Kaum Hlis. Ua ntej tag nrho cov mummified txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog muab tshem tawm, ces poob nplooj yog sau thiab txhua yam yog hlawv. Tom qab no, nws yog ib qhov tsim nyog yuav tau ua kom dej rov txaug dej (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lub caij ntuj sov qhuav qhuav thiab tsis los nag). Dej dej irrigation txhais tau tias dej tau tsob ntoo ntawm hauv paus nrog dej kom txaus (ntawm 500 txog 1000 liters).
Tam sim ntawd tom qab muaj dej ntau, cov av yuav tsum tau mulched nrog peat, sawdust, humus, straw, etc. Ib txheej ntawm mulch yuav tiv thaiv lub hauv paus system ntawm tsob ntoo thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm muaj zog lub caij ntuj no frosts.
Koj puas paub? Ua ntej qhov pom ntawm haus luam yeeb nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe, pear nplooj twb smoked.
Tsis tas li ntawd, lub pob tw thiab lub pob zeb qis dua yuav tsum muab qhwv nrog cov khoom uas tsis yog-uas siv los ua ib qho lapnik. Tam sim no tsob ntoo muaj kev tiv thaiv txij lub caij ntuj no qis dua, tab sis yog tias muaj ntau npaum li cas ntawm snow caij nplooj ntoos zeeg, lub npas loj "yuav tsum tau npaj kom muaj ib ncig ntawm cov nroj tsuag. 
Pear "Permyachka" muaj ib tug high Frost tsis kam, yog li ntawd nws yog ib tug nyiam ntawm ntau gardeners nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ib feem ntawm Russia. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog cov heev six thiab muaj kua, zoo li universal nyob rau hauv kev siv ua noj. Kev soj xyuas tag nrho cov cai rau kev tu xyuas kev ntoo, koj tuaj yeem tau txais txhua txhua xyoo muaj qoob loo zoo.
