Ua ntej pib tsim ib qho apiary, ib tug pib beekeeper yuav tsum tau kawm raws li kev paub ntawm kev tuav pov hwm. Tsab ntawv xov xwm no muaj cov tswv yim tseem ceeb rau tus thawj coj beekeeper: pib qhov twg, yuav ua li cas xaiv cov muv, hom khaus, kev tu xyuas zoo, thiab ntau ntxiv.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm beekeeping, koj yuav tsum paub thawj
Lub hauv paus ntawm beekeeping rau cov neeg tshiab yog ib hom ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau npaj tawm ntawm kev paub. Raws li ib tug budding beekeeper, koj yuav tsum nco ntsoov kawm. Cov phau ntawv tshwj xeeb thiab cov khoom ntawm cov noob nrig yuav pab tau rau ntawm no. Thiab nrhiav tsis tau tsuas yog theoretical, tab sis kuj paub cov kev txawj ntse, koj tuaj yeem ua npe tau txais kev pab ntawm ib qho kev paub txog beekeeper.
Ntaus thiab txij nkawm ntawm khaus
Tus neeg twg uas xav ua qhov kev zov me nyuam nug ib qho lus nug: pib qhov twg. Thawj daim ntawv tso npe ua tiav. Txawm hais tias koj npaj yuav khaws ib lub beehive, koj yuav tsum tau ib phau ntawv hla tebchaws hauv lub apiary.
Tom ntej, peb xaiv ib qho chaw rau apiary. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws qhov chaw ntawm apiary yog tom qab lub laj kab siab los yog ze rau ntawm cov ntoo. Cov ntxoov ntxoo ntawm cov ntoo pab cov kab kom tswj tau lub microclimate ntawm lub tsev nyob rau hauv lub caij nyoog, thiab lub laj kab siab npog lub hives los ntawm cua. Koj yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj lub apiary nyob rau hauv lub hav: nws yuav coj mus rau kev loj hlob ntawm fungal kab mob, uas yuav nyuaj txoj hauj lwm.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Tom ntej mus rau apiary yuav tsum tsis muaj zos ntawm insectivorous noog - qhov no yog Golden muv-eater, lub foxbird, lub nqos nqaum nqos. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb kom paub tseeb tias ua ntej koj cov neeg zej zog nyob hauv cheeb tsam tsis yug cov noog no.
Ib qho chaw kom nyob nyab xeeb yuav tsum muaj raws li hauv qab no:
- Tus tsim yuav tsum tiv thaiv cov bees ntawm kev hloov hauv cov kub, nag thiab dej noo. Lub Hive yuav tsum sov so, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov lub phab ntsa ntawm lub qauv yuav tsum tsis txhob yuav kub heev. Yog hais tias lub Hive yog ib-walled, lub phab ntsa tuab tsis tsawg tshaj li 3 cm. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib ob-phab ntsa Hive, qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm phab ntsa yog clogged nrog Moss.
- Lub Hive yog ua heev dav rau tso lub txiv hmab txiv ntoo, thiab raws li khaws cia khoom siv ntawm zib mu thiab nroj paj ntoos (cornflower). Tus qauv tsim yuav tsum tau ua kom koj tuaj yeem kho nws lub suab.
- Lub Hive yuav tsum yooj yim rau tu thiab tuav. Tus tsim yuav tsum yooj yim disassembled thiab reassembled.
- Tag nrho cov seem ntawm lub Hive raug ua sib npaug nyob rau hauv loj. Tib lub hives tau yooj yim chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm beekeeper thiab txo lub sij hawm siv.
- Lub Hive yuav tsum muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb mechanism rau kev soj ntsuam nrog zuam: ib tug tshem tawm hauv qab, ib daim phiaj tshwj xeeb nrog ib tug tais.
- Nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no, lub zes ua me, tus naj npawb ntawm thav ntawv yog txo. Qhov chaw seem yuav tsum tsis txhob khoob, nws yog ib txoj kev cai uas sau nrog nws tus kheej hauv ncoo.
Kev cuam tshuam ntawm Bee tsev neeg
Nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug lag luam raws li beekeeping, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub qhov twg pib ib pib. Pib taub hau beekeeper yuav tsum tau paub txog cov peculiarities ntawm kev sib raug zoo Bee pawg.
Bee pawg (tsev neeg) yog ib lub koom txoos tshwj xeeb uas tsis koom nrog cov tsev neeg nyob sib ze. Ib tug Bee pawg muaj ib tug huab tais, ua hauj lwm bees thiab ib tug drone. Ua ke, lawv sawv cev rau ib qho Bee Cuam - ib qho mobile, koom ua ke.
Lub txiaj ntsig yog qhov muv zes. Lub zes muaj honeycombs nrog broods thiab cov khoom noj khoom haus. Zes - lub hauv paus ntawm ib tug Bee tsev neeg. Nws yog nruab rau ob qho tib si rau luam tawm ntawm cov offspring, thiab rau cov khoom muag ntawm cov khoom muag thiab cov khoom siv, thiab rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm tsev neeg. 
Nyob rau hauv Bee pawg, tag nrho cov tswv cuab muaj kev sib raug zoo heev. Tsis yog ib tus tib neeg muaj peev xwm tuag tau nws tus kheej. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kev faib cov neeg hauv tsev neeg.
Khoom noj khoom haus nta ntawm Bees
Nyob rau hauv lub apiary rau pib tshiab, koj kuj yuav tsum tau paub qhov twg mus rau pib nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem ntawm kev noj haus ntawm bees. Bees pub heev dua lwm yam rau zaub mov. Thaum lub sij hawm zib ntab sau, ua hauj lwm cov neeg sau nectar los ntawm paj nroj tsuag thiab hloov mus rau hauv paj paj paj thiab zib mu. Los ntawm yav tas nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej npaj lub paj ntoos.
Nrog ib tug tsis muaj nectar, Bee-gatherers yuav siv lwm yam khoom cog: cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm ripe txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab berries, ncoo, thiab lwm yam. Yog hais tias Bee tsev neeg tsis muaj txaus noj haus, nws yog pub rau pub noj beet los yog pas nrig qab zib syrup. Txawm li cas los, qhov kev ntsuas no yog ib ntus, thiab honeydew zib mu yuav muaj teeb meem thaum lub sij hawm wintering.
Nyob ntawm kev nyab xeeb thiab tej yam kev mob ntawm kev sau zib mu, qhov kev siv ntawm kev noj haus ntawm Bee pawg txawv nws txawv. Nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov lub caij, thaum muaj ntau ntau qe nyob rau hauv lub hives thiab ua hauj lwm nyuaj yog mus on, lub bees yuav tsum tau pub. Nyob rau hauv lub txias season, cov tsev neeg noj cov khoom stocks ntawm zib mu. Cov neeg laus ntawm cov pawg neeg thiab cov poj niam nyob hauv lub sijhawm larval pub rau saum kev hnav khaub ncaws. Cov neeg ua haujlwm rau cov neeg laus yuav tsum tau siv cov zib ntab thiab paj ntoos. Tsis muaj zib mu, lub bees yuav tuag, yog li thaum taug kev tshaj ntev ncua, lub bees Tshuag li on zib mu rau ob peb hnub.
Thawj thawj ob peb hnub tom qab hatching, lub qe ntawm larvae pub on Bee mis nyuj haus. Qhov no yog khoom noj tshwj xeeb. tsim los ntawm Bee lub qog. Los ntawm plaub hnub, youngsters pib pub ib tug sib tov ntawm zib mu, pollen thiab dej. Tom qab sealing lub brood, pub yog nres.
Lub larvae nyob rau hauv lub zes (huab tais hlwb) tas li pub on Bee mis nyuj. Ib tug tshwj xeeb pawg ntawm bees, uas saib xyuas rau tus neeg laus lub tsev menyuam, faib cov mis nyuj thiab pub nws tsis hais txog lub caij. Tom qab tawm hauv lub zes (lub hlwb rau tus poj niam tus muv) thiab tsiv hauv cov qe tshwj xeeb, lub tsev menyuam tau nyob rau ob peb hnub ua tsaug rau zib mu los yog pub mov paj los ntawm qab zib thiab zib mu.
Bee yug me nyuam
Kawm txhua yam hais txog muv thiab beekeeping rau cov neeg tuaj tshiab, koj yuav tsum tau paub txog koj tus kheej nrog lub luam ntawm ntab ntawm cov muv. Ob hom kev luam yog peculiar rau honeybees: kev ua si ntawm cais cov neeg ntawm lub colony thiab swarming (disintegration ntawm ib tug Bee pawg mus rau hauv qhov chaw).
Nyob rau hauv thawj rooj plaub, lub neej phaum ntawm zib mu bees pib nrog tso ntawm qe. Thaum lub caij ntuj no, tus poj niam tsim ib pawg neeg tshiab, tso cov qe hauv txhua lub cell hauv honeycomb.
Qhov thib ob hom ntawm yug me nyuam yog ib feem ntawm lub voj voog txoj sia ntawm cov muv. Luam zuam tshwm sim thaum ib pawg neeg tawg rog ua ob qho. Ib feem, uas muaj los ntawm 40 mus rau 70% ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm Hive, settles nrog tus poj huab tais qub nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw tshiab. Muaj caij nyoog rau kev ciaj sia nyob rau hauv cov tshiab thiab hauv cov laus pawg.
Rau mating nrog drones (txiv neej bees), tus ntxhais huab tais yoov nyob rau hauv cov huab cua ntshiab ntawm 12 mus rau 17 o'clock nyob rau hauv lub yav tav su. Drones feem ntau yog sau nyob rau hauv loj tus xov tooj ob peb kis lus mev los ntawm apiary. Lub tsev kawm ntawv yuav siv sij hawm tawm ntawm ib mus rau peb zaug ib hnub thiab mates rau nruab nrab nrog 7-8 drones.
Cov nram qab no theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm bees yog txawv: ib qe, ib larva, ib tug pupa, ib tug pupa.
Yuav ua li cas tau thiab txuag koj niam
Freshly pumped zib mu feem ntau muaj ib pob tshab xim yuav luag, tab sis nws thiaj li hlob zoo pos huab. Tom qab lub muv raug muab ntim, ntau lub enzymes nyob hauv lub hlwb. Tsaug rau cov enzymes zib mu yog khaws cai rau ntau xyoo (10-20 xyoo). Txawm li cas los, lub txee lub neej ntawm zib mu nyob ntawm ntau rau ntawm qhov zoo cia.
Zib ntab yog ib lub qauv txawv. Kev hloov ntawm koj niam los ntawm ib lub kua mus rau ib lub xeev tau hu ua crystallization (qab zib).
Koj puas paub? Cov kua nplaum ntawm cov kua nplaum yuav khaws tau ntev ntev, yog tias koj xub cia rau 5-6 lub lim piam ntawm 0 ° C, thiab tom qab ntawd ces nyob ntawm 14 ° C. Zib ntim rau hauv txoj kev no tseem raug kua rau ob xyoos.
Tsuas yog tsis tshua muaj ntau yam ntawm chestnut thiab acacia zib mu uas tsis muaj suab thaj. Ripe natural honey xwb tau zoo dua lub sij hawm.
Beekeeping rau cov neeg pib tshiab qhia txog kev paub txog cov cai rau khaws cia cov khoom noj uas tau txais.
Yuav kom khaws tag nrho cov tseem ceeb yam ntxwv ntawm zib mu, koj yuav tsum ua raws li cov lus yooj yim no:
- Khaws cov zib ntim rau hauv lub khob ntim nrog lub hau kaw kom nruj. Lub thawv ntim yuav tsum qhuav, tsis muaj ntxhiab tsw ntxhiab.
- Tsis txhob cia koj tus menyuam nyob hauv lub tub yees. Kev hnyav ua rau ua rau fermentation.
- Tsis txhob cia cov kev sib txuas ntawm lub hnub kom poob mus rau hauv ib lub taub ntim ntawm zib mu, txwv tsis pub lub antimicrobial thaj chaw ntawm zib mu yuav txo thiab cov vitamins yuav raug rhuav tshem.
- Zib ntab yuav tsum tsis txhob muab cia rau hauv chav tsev kub. Cia nws tawm ntawm cov roj teeb kub.
- Tsis txhob qhib zib ntab rau tom qab pickles, haus cov zaub mov thiab cov khoom siv ntsim zoo li ntsim.
- Qhov chaw zoo tshaj plaws los khaws koj cov khoom noj yog nyob rau hauv lub txee qhuav, kom deb ntawm lub hnub ci thiab lwm cov ntxhiab.
Bee kab mob
Kawm cov kev qhia ntawm beekeeping rau pib tshiab, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom tsis txhob neglect xws li ib lub ntsiab lus raws li Bee kab mob. Muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm Bee kab mob uas ua rau ntau ntawm teeb meem mus rau beekeepers. Kev tiv thaiv thiab kev kho mob raws sij hawm yuav cawm tau los ntawm kev tsim thiab kis ntawm cov kab mob hauv lub apiary. Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm qhia tias muaj tus kab mob no yog tsis txaus tus cwj pwm ntawm bees.
Cov kab mob yuav ua tau qeeb los yog raws caij nyoog.mi Cov kab mob pathological yog tshwj xeeb thiab txaus ntshai. Cov pab pawg no muaj xws li cov ntshav qab zib, cov kab mob tuag tes tuag taw, foulbrood thiab raws plab. Cov kab mob no yuav tsum muaj kev kho mob. Kab mob thaum caij nyoog yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev txhawb siab ntawm kab tsuag thiab kab mob kev nkeeg.
Ntshav kab mob kuj raug faib mus rau kis kab mob thiab tsis kis kab mob.
Qhov ua rau ntawm kis kab mob yog microorganisms ntawm cov nroj tsuag keeb kwm (fungal kab mob, bacterioses, rickettsia, kis tus kab mob). Cov kab mob kis tau zoo siab heev los ntawm cov kab mob tsiaj txhu.
Kev tiv thaiv ntawm Bee kab mob yog raws li cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb. Tag nrho cov kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv yuav tsum tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv ib tug ua ke kom zoo, nrog rau cov tu thiab lub txij nkawm ntawm lub apiary. Ua hauj lwm yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov caij nplooj ntoos hlav - nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm thaum cov kab mob tsis tau kis tau.
Cov khoom pab tau rau ib tug beginner beekeeper
Kev pib rau hauv beekeeping rau "dummies" yuav tsum tau nqa tawm nyob rau hauv meej kev ruaj ntseg thiab nrog tag nrho kev tiv thaiv tawm tsam Bee stings. Rau lub hom phiaj no, tsim ib qho kev pab cuam beekeeping khoom. Cov kev ntsuas yuav tsum tau pom ob leeg rau lawv tus kheej kev tiv thaiv thiab rau kev tiv thaiv cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig lawv.
Kev tiv thaiv rau kev ua hauj lwm hauv lub apiary
Beginners uas nyuam qhuav debuted nyob rau hauv beekeeping nws tsis tsim nyog los tshawb xyuas cov apiary yam tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb. Ntau yam khoom siv tiv thaiv yog nyob rau tom khw (khaub ncaws ntau, qhov ncauj qhov ntswg, hnab looj tes). Txawm li cas los xij, zoo li camouflage, koj tuaj yeem siv cov khaub ncaws li ib txwm rau lub apiary. Sim xaiv cov khaub ncaws hnav thiab xis nyob, qhov no yuav ua rau kom ua haujlwm zoo.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Nws yog ib qhov tseem ceeb kom paub ib qho tseem ceeb txog kev tuav txoj cai: Yog tias koj ua rau koj lub ntsej muag npog ntsej muag, siv ib qho xim dub (dub) ntawm tulle los yog mesh. Lub teeb xim yog nruj me ntsis tsis pom zoo - nws impairs visibility.
Nws yog txoj kev cai los tiv thaiv lub ntsej muag nrog lub npog ncauj nrog ib lub teeb ncej. Qhov npog ncauj tsim ib qho kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub ntsej muag thiab kab sib chaws.
Bees yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog attracted mus rau qhov chaw ntawm nkawm khau thiab khaub ncaws. 
Cov zis tuaj yeem ua cov khoom rau cov neeg yos hav zoov thiab cov neeg caij skiers, uas muag cov khw muag khoom ua si. Gaiters yog tsim rau cov qauv ntawm nkawm khau thiab yuav muab koj nrog kev tiv thaiv txhim khu kev qha.
Cov hnab looj tes qub yog siv los tiv thaiv txhais tes. Txawm li cas los xij, cov hnab looj tes yuav tsum tuab kom txaus tiv thaiv cov bees los ntawm stinging lawv txhais tes.
Koj puas paub? Qee cov beekeepers siv kev totaub txhua yam ntawm tus artist ua kev tiv thaiv. Ua li no, tus jumpsuit xaws tuaj yeem ua kom zoo thiab npog qhov tso ntawm lub caj dab. Yog li, tus nqi qis tshaj Koj yuav tau txais khaub ncaws zoo heev.
Yuav ua li cas koj yuav tsum tau tu rau bees
Nyob rau hauv beekeeping, muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm tswj kev cai thiab cov tswv yim pab uas yuav tsum tsis txhob muab tso tseg. Muaj ntau tus neeg tsis paub qab beekeepers qhib zes rau tshuaj xyuas ob peb zaug ib hnub. Kev soj ntsuam ntau zaus ua rau muaj kev ua txhaum ntawm qhov kub thiab txias hauv cov pob khaus. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus txheej txheem no cuam tshuam cov bees thiab ua rau lawv loj hlob tuaj.
Qhov kev pab ntawm apiary tsis nyob ntawm seb muaj pes tsawg tus soj ntsuam ntawm khaus, tab sis nyob rau ntawm lub zoo ntawm cov ua hauj lwm ua. Kev tsim nyog ua haujlwm ntawm lub apiary txhais tau hais tias cov kev coj ua tau zoo rau ib lub sijhawm luv luv thiab tsawg dua cov kev kuaj xyuas. Rau kev saib xyuas ntawm bees, koj yuav tsum qhia meej npaj cov kev ua ub no thiab sij hawm rau lawv rov ua dua. Rau kev saib xyuas ntawm bees nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav, novice beekeepers yuav txaus rau 15-20 feeb. Kom soj ntsuam ib qho tsis zoo hais tias Bee pawg, koj yuav xav tau li kaum feeb.
Kev tiv thaiv dav dav yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam lub sij hawm thaum lub caij sov kom paub meej tias tus muv-tus pojniam nteg qe, tus muam tus neeg ua haujlwm ua lawv txoj haujlwm, thiab lub zos muaj chaw txaus los nthuav. Hauv lub hlis txias, kuaj tsis pom zoo. Sim tsis txhob cia lub cua sov kub ntawm cov pob khaus.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Tom qab ua hauj lwm nrog lub bees tsis tawm cov khoom muag, qias neeg cov khaub ncaws los yog cov cuab yeej nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas me nyuam yaus ua tau. Cov lus nug tseem tshuav poisonous sting, uas tom qab ua rau tsis haum rau cov menyuam yaus.
Ib co ntawm cov cuab yeej rau kev ua hauj lwm nrog cov khoom muag ntab
Koj yuav tsum xav tau yam tsawg kawg ntawm cov cuab yeej:
- Txaug Beekeeper. Qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog tshaj plaws rau kev ua hauj lwm nrog cov khoom siv muv. Lub txig muaj ntau ntawm daim ntaub ntawv: lob lub thav duab mus rau extract los ntawm Hive, tshem tawm Bee kua nplaum (propolis), ntxuav tawm cov siv quav ciab, scrape tus niam liquor.
- Beekeeper lub riam. Cov riam yog tsim los txiav qhov qub honeycomb nrog thav ntawv.
- Sweeping txhuam rau sweeping muv los ntawm thav ntawv.
- Plug rau qhib lub honeycomb thiab tshem lub grain.
- Lekala nyob rau hauv lub zes thiab khw thav ntawv thiab ib tug tshwj xeeb rau cov menyuam dai rau.
- Haus dej haus cawv. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom ua hauj lwm nrog cov muv tsis muaj haus luam yeeb. Yuav tsum tau haus luam yeeb rau precipitate bees.
- Kev haus luam yeeb yeeb. Cov neeg haus luam yeeb yuav siv cov pa luam yeeb ntawm lawv cov yeeb nkab hauv lawv txoj haujlwm. Tsis muaj ib lub raj, tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm beekeeping yog poob.
Yuav ua li cas xaiv ib tug Bee tsev neeg pib beekeeper
Tsis dhau feem ntau mus nug cov lus nug: yuav ua li cas tu rau bees, rau thaum pib beekeepers qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog xaiv ib tug zoo huab tais Bee. Nyob rau hauv loj ntawm bees, nws yog nyuaj rau pom lub uterus, tab sis nws yog ib nqi sau cia Bee-poj niam ib zaug - thiab koj yuav nco nws. Bee tsiv maj mam, nws yog ntau dua ua haujlwm bees thiab muaj ib tug ntev plab. Nrhiav tawm lub uterus yuav tsum nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub zes ntawm lub cell nrog brood los yog ze ntawm lub tshiab hatched larvae. Nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub caij ntuj sov lub caij ntuj sov, lub uterus tej zaum yuav nyob rau hauv lub outermost thav ntawv (honeycomb thiab burgundy qhov chaw ntawm honeycomb).
Tom qab nrhiav tau lub tsev menyuam, sim xyuas nws: yog tias cov tis tawg, yog tias ob txhais ceg thiab lub plab raug mob. Tom qab ntawd them sai sai rau qhov zoo ntawm lub qe (brood). Ib qho tsim nyog uterus lays qe nyob rau hauv txhua lub cell (tsis khoob), ua kom tiav lub honeycomb. Yog hais tias tus brood yog thinned, muaj voids - lub uterus yog unusable thiab koj yuav tsum tau hloov nws. 
Tsis tas li ntawd them sai sai rau tus naj npawb ntawm bees thiab pub reserves. Nyob rau hauv ib tug standard Bee pawg, nyob rau hauv lub Plaub Hlis Ntuj yuav tsum muaj tsawg kawg yog 1.5 kg ntawm bees (6 thav ntawv), los ntawm Tej zaum mus rau Lub yim hli ntuj - yam tsawg 3 kg (12 thav ntawv). Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv Bee pawg neeg yuav tsum tam sim no fetal uterus, 6 kg ntawm cov khoom noj, 4-5 thav ntawv ntawm brood thiab 1-2 thav ntawv ntawm Bee qhob cij. Feem ntau muv muaj muag hauv cov thawv plywood. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom tau txais cov bees tsim nyog tias lub caij ntuj no zoo thiab yog cov resistant mus rau cov kab mob.
Ntawm txoj kev ntawm ib tug novice beekeeper, muaj tej zaum yuav disappointments, phem caij, thiab ntau lwm yam teeb meem. Hauv kev txiav txim siab rau kev tuav pov hwm kom muaj kev lom zem thiab nyiaj, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev kawm txog kev lag luam ntawm cov neeg tsis paub qab hau ua ntej thiab qhib siab rau qhov zoo.
