Hauv kev txiav txim rau cov nyuj yuav zoo noj thiab tsis ua kom txo lawv cov khoom tsim tau thaum lub caij ntuj no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los saib xyuas kom txaus npaj noj ua ntej. Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev noj haus ntawm cov tsiaj yog cov khoom noj muaj kua, uas yog, cov uas muaj cov dej loj. Hauv kev txiav txim siab rau lawv kom noj qab haus huv thiab zoo li tsim nyog, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog kom ua raws li kev siv technology ntawm lawv cov kev npaj thiab cia. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb yuav tham txog kev npaj ntawm lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws lub caij ntuj no pub - silage.
Koj puas paub? Nyob rau hauv kev noj haus ntawm nyuj, silage pub yuav tsum 50% ntawm lawv cov khoom noj tag nrho.
Yuav ua li cas yog ensiling
Yuav kom nkag siab tias yuav tsum tau muab cov khoom ua si, yuav tsum to taub tias qhov no yog ib qho khoom pub rau cov tsiaj txhu, uas yog los ntawm cov khoom noj tshiab (fermenting) tshiab los yog cov qoob ntsuab qhuav ntawm cov nroj tsuag forage (qhov saum toj, nplooj, ntsug). Nutritionally silage zoo ib yam li ntsuab fodder. Haum rau tag nrho cov hom tsiaj ua noj. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tseem ceeb rau loj horned, npua, geese, yaj, rabbits.
Cov txheej txheem ntawm leaven, los yog kab mob, yog nqa tawm hauv cov khoom tshwj xeeb (qhov ntxhib ntxig, cov qhov cub, cov yees, thiab lwm yam). Muaj, cov zaub ntsuab tau khaws cia hauv cov kev mob nkeeg nrog kev pab los ntawm cov organic acids, secreted rau feem ntau yog vim li cas ntawm lactic acid fermentation. Kuj rau qhov kev txuag tuaj yeem tau ntxiv tshuaj lom neeg preservatives, kev pabcuam ntawm noj haus, kev ua haujlwm kom yooj yim.
Cov khoom noj tau npaj tseg los ntawm hom no yog muab cia rau hauv ib lub hnab cia los yog ntim hauv cov blocks. Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub tej yam kev mob, kev npaj ntawm silage yog tsawg lub sij hawm siv piv rau tus ntxawm ntawm quav nyab. Nws muaj peev xwm npaj tau nyob rau hauv ib tug luv luv lub sij hawm, tsis muaj yuav tsum tau mus rau pre-npaj rau pub mis. Nws tsis yuav tsum muaj cov kev nqis peev loj. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov no yuav ua rau koj ua kom tsis txhob poob ntawm cov as-ham ntxiv. Yog li ntawd, thaum lub sij hawm ensiling, txog li 10-15% ntawm tseem ceeb ntsiab yog poob lawm, thaum harvesting quav nyab - 30%.
Silage muaj cov carotene thiab vitamin C uas cov tsiaj xav tau, thiab dej thiab fiber. Nws txhawb rau kev ua hauj lwm zoo dua ntawm cov hnyuv quav tsiaj ntawm tsiaj txhu, pab txhawb kev ywj pheej ntawm kev ntxhib los ntawm lawv.
Koj puas paub? Silage yog tsim nyog rau cov nyuj, vim hais tias nws yog ib tug ciav fodder. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum tau muab pub rau hauv raws li cov kev cai pom zoo, vim tias qhov loj ntawm nws nyob rau hauv kev noj haus ntawm horned nyuj yuav ua rau lub fact tias mis nyuj yuav tau txais cov ntxhiab tsw. Pob kws thiab cov cereal-taum silage yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj rau cov nyuj.
Qhov loj silage cov qoob loo
Rau kev npaj ntawm silage siv ntau haiv neeg. Lawv tau muab faib ua peb pawg:
- ntais;
- nyuaj rau to taub;
- unbreakable nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntshiab.
Clover, sedge, clover, alfalfa yog nyuaj rau enslave. Txiv lws suav thiab qos yaj ywm saum, cucumbers, zucchini, melons, pumpkins, soybeans tsis haum rau ensiling nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntshiab. Nroj tsuag ntawm cov pab pawg neeg dhau los yog tsuas yog siv hauv cov mixtures uas yooj yim fertilized los nrog ntxiv rau preservatives thiab starters.
Raws li cov khoom siv rau cov roj hmab, cov khoom cog ntawm cov ntoo, cov nplooj ntoo, cov khoom qab zib thiab cov cereal, cov nroj tsuag tuaj yeem rau pastures, cov qoob loo tuaj yeem tsim. Rau cov khoom siv silage thiab cov khoom noj uas muaj protein ntau ntau (pulp, bark, pulp).
Optimum mowing theem
Ib qho ntawm cov yam tseem ceeb rau kev noj haus muaj nqis ntawm silage yog lub caij mowing ntawm cov qoob loo rau silage. Txhua tus nroj tsuag muaj feem ntau cov dej num zoo ntawm txoj kev loj hlob rau kev siv nyob rau hauv cov khoom pub silage.
Yog li, rau harvesting silage pob kws nroj tsuag ntxuav nyob rau hauv theem ntawm milky-siv quav ciab ripeness ntawm grain. Nws yog ces cov pob kws yog yooj yim ensiled thiab plam tau tsuas yog 10% ntawm nws cov khoom noj khoom haus thaum tua tau. Nyob rau hauv tib theem theem sorghum yog mown.
Qhov zoo tshaj plaws lub sij hawm los sau paj noob hlis yuav yog lub sij hawm thaum cog tau 30% qhib inflorescences. Yog tias koj tsis nco qab lub sij hawm no, ces cov ntsiab lus ntawm fiber ntau hauv lub paj noob hlis yuav nce, thiab tsiaj txhu noj tej zaub mov nrog tsawg dua kev yos hav zoov.
Silage txhua xyoo leguminous cov qoob loo yog harvested nyob rau hauv lub milky-tshuav loj hlob theem ntawm nplej nyob rau hauv lub qis thib peb, leguminous annuals - thaum lub sij hawm lub caij budding.
Lub pob silage lupine yog mown thaum cov nplej raug tsim. Clover yog zoo ensiled thaum lub sij hawm flowering lub sij hawm, cereals - thaum pib ntawm pob ntseg.
Yuav ua li cas npaj ib silo: silage npaj tshuab
Cov cuab yeej ntawm kev muab silage npaj muaj ntau theem:
- sau cov qoob loo pov tseg;
- kev sib tsoo ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv;
- tso rau hauv cia;
- compaction ntawm ntsuab loj;
- airtight vaj tse silage khoom.
Cov zom zaws yuav tsum muaj qhov zoo ntawm cov av noo ntawm 65-75%, tiam sis tsis siab dua. Nrog ntau noo noo, ntxiv chaff, chaff, tws straw (15-20 kg / 100 kg ntawm pub). Yog tias cov dej noo tsis txaus, zucchini, taub dag, thiab dej yuav nkag tau.- Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv ntsuab loj yuav tsum muaj qhov tsim nyog npaum li cas ntawm sugars.
- Cov huab cua los ntawm cov khoom siv raw yuav tsum tau ua kom qis qis heev los ntawm kev sib tw zoo.
- Lub tank, lub qhov taub, qhov trench los yog chav nyob qhov twg lub pob zeb raug nteg yuav tsum tau hermetically kaw los tiv thaiv cov pa thiab dej los ntawm nws.
Cov zom zaws yuav tsum muaj qhov zoo ntawm cov av noo ntawm 65-75%, tiam sis tsis siab dua. Nrog ntau noo noo, ntxiv chaff, chaff, tws straw (15-20 kg / 100 kg ntawm pub). Yog tias cov dej noo tsis txaus, zucchini, taub dag, thiab dej yuav nkag tau.Tom qab harvesting nroj tsuag rau ensiling, lawv yuav tsum tau crushed. Qhov nruab nrab ntev ntawm tws tshuaj ntsuab yuav tsum yuav 3-4 cm.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Qhov qis rau av noo ntawm raw khoom raw, qhov ntau kom huv si nws yuav tsum yog hauv av (2-3 cm). Thiab lwm versa - nrog ib qib siab ntawm humidity (80% thiab saum toj), ib tug loj txiav ntawm ntsuab loj (8-10 cm) yog xav tau.Los txiav txim seb cov degree ntawm cov av noo, koj yuav tsum twist ib txhia nroj tsuag hauv ib nras. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, kua txiv hmab txiv sawv tawm ntawm cov khoov nyom - qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov av qis yog qhov qub. Yog hais tias cov zaub ntsuab tsis ntub txaus, nws cov nplooj yuav mos, thiab thaum twg curled, cov kua tsis ntws tawm. Nrog ntau lub noo noo, lub kua txiv los ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog tso tawm txawm tsis muaj twisting, cia li thaum lub sij hawm thauj.
Yuav tsum muab cov khoom pov tseg, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau khawb ib lub qhov 2 m ntawm qhov tob. Qhov dav thiab qhov ntev ntawm lub caij so tsis tseem ceeb. Tej zaum nws yuav raug hloov. Cov phab ntsa ntawm lub qhov dej yuav tsum nthuav dav. Lawv yuav tsum tau smeared nrog cov av nplaum. Hauv qab no muaj peev xwm them nrog nplooj poob los yog straw.
Tom ntej, nyob rau hauv ib qhov nyob rau hauv txheej ntawm 20-25 cm pawg ntsuab loj, tightly tamping nws, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob ze lub phab ntsa. (Ntim ntawm ntsuab loj yuav alternated nrog txheej ntawm tws straw 40-50 cm nyob rau hauv qhov siab.) Txhua txhua hnub lub loj yog tau sau mus rau 80-100 cm.
Lub caij ua si puv nrog saum toj - nyob rau hauv ob peb hnub nws cov khoom yuav txiav txim siab. Lub denser lub tab, qhov zoo dua lub silage yuav. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, cov tshuaj ntsuab nrog cov av noo noo yog tamped raws li qhov zoo tshaj plaws, thiab nrog high humidity lawv raug mus rau sim tamping. Qhov kub ntawm qhov loj yuav tsum tsis pub dhau 38 degrees.
Nws tseem ceeb heev! Silage zoo yuav npaj tau rau peb mus rau plaub hnub. Thaum tso lub qhov tsoo ntau tshaj li lub sijhawm no, cov pub ua kom sov, poob cov protein thiab carotene.Tom qab ib tag nrho load, qhov aub tsiv yog tam sim ntawd them nrog yas qhwv thiab them nrog ib tug 25-30 cm txheej ntawm av los yog peat. Koj tuaj yeem npog nrog cov bales ntawm straw compressed. Thaum tsis muaj cov yeeb yaj duab, 30-centimeter txheej ntawm txheej straw, ib 5-centimeter txheej ntawm av nplaum thiab ib 20-25-centimeter txheej ntawm av yog poured. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov silo ntawm nag lossis daus, ib lub nplooj saum toj no tau ntsia saum lub qhov dej, thiab grooves yog rub tawm ntawm nws kom tiv thaiv tau dej los ntawm nws.
Nrog rau ensiling, pub yuav npaj txhij rau pub nyob rau hauv 1-1.5 lub hlis. Qeeb-loj hlob nroj tsuag yuav siv tau ua ntej - nyob rau hauv 15-20 hnub. Cov hnab yas yuav tsum tau siv 1.5-2 lub hlis rau qhov pib.
Muaj ib txoj hauv kev ua kom tsis muaj kev tsim kho vaj tse thiab tsev. Koj tuaj yeem siv txoj kev ntawm silage hauv polymer hoses. Hauv qhov no, txoj kev txuag tau pib sai sai tom qab muab cov hnyav ntsuab hauv lub tes tsho. Losses nrog cov qauv no yog li ntawm 3 mus rau 5%. Kev pub mis zoo tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm ntawm lub tes tsho raws li xav tau thoob plaws hauv lub xyoo.
Thaum harvesting ib tug me me ntawm pub, koj muaj peev xwm siv ib tug thoob.
Txhab cia
Cov nplaim ntawm cov ntaub pua chaw cia yuav tsum tau sib tiaj thiab du. Tej yam kev mob loj rau kev txuag kom zoo yog kev tswj xyuas ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau muaj qhov kub thiab txhim kho ntawm lub encapsulation.
Yuav kom noj cov khoom noj uas yuav tsum tau noj, cov ntaub ntawv npog me ntsis nce. Qhov qhib saum npoo yuav tsum me me li qhov ua tau. Tom qab ntawd tus aub tsiv yog rov them nrog ntawv ci thiab nphoo nrog straw lossis lub ntiaj teb.
Tom qab raug tshem tawm ntawm cov khw muag khoom noj, cov khoom noj tsuas yog haum rau ib qho pub, txij li thaum nws ceev nrooj nws cov as-ham hauv cov pa.
Thaum twg tag nrho silo yuav siv, qhov dej yuav tsum tau ntxuav ntawm seem thiab kho nrog ib tug daws ntawm freshlylive txiv qaub.
Silos thiab cov tshuaj txhuam
Yuav kom khaws tau cov khoom noj uas loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov as-ham, thaum npaj silage resorted rau kev siv tshuaj chemicals. Txoj kev no yog siv los ua kom cov qoob loo thiab cov khoom tsis muaj silage los yog cov huab cua ntsuab uas muaj qhov siab ntawm kev ya raws. Cov nyhuv ntawm preservatives yog txiav txim los ntawm lawv muaj peev xwm tswj lub tseem ceeb ua si ntawm microorganisms: qhov kev loj hlob ntawm putrefactive, puab - suppress, lactic acid thiab poov - txwv.
Koj puas paub? Kev qhia txog cov tshuaj ua rau hauv cov pob kws txeem pob kws pab khaws cia txog 90% ntawm cov suab thaj.Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov tshuaj txhuam ua rau nws ua tau los ua cov twj zoo zoo los ntawm cov khoom siv raw khoom (xws li ib qho uas yooj yim rau kev pov thawj), tsis hais nws cov dej noo thiab kev mob loj hlob zoo li cas. Additives saturate lub pub nrog nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, microelements.
Mus rau hnub, xaiv ntawm preservatives rau kev npaj ntawm silage yog lossis loj - hais txog 2.5 txhiab tshuaj lom neeg sib txuas tau tsim. Pyrosulphite thiab sodium bisulfite, ammonium pyrosulphate thiab ammonium dihydrosulphate, formalin thiab lwm tus muaj cov khoom zoo huv. Lawv sprayed silage loj. Thaum xaiv ib qho khoom noj khoom haus, yuav tsum muab rau cov neeg uas tsis muaj poisons thiab carcinogens.
Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum muab cov twj tso kua mis, cov pob zeb kua qaub (formic, sorbic, lactic, propionic, acetic) yog nkag los lossis lawv cov kua sib tov nrog cov ntsev. Lawv tau ua nyob rau hauv ob peb txheej nyob rau hauv 20-25 cm.
Thaum muab cov nyom, cov pob kws nrog cov khoom qab zib, koj tuaj yeem tau ntxiv ib qho tshwj xeeb, uas muaj cov kab mob lactic acid.
Yog li, qhov zoo ntawm cov twj pov tseg yuav nyob ntawm ob peb yam: yam siv cov nroj tsuag uas siv, lub sijhawm ntawm lawv cov hleb, lawv cov dej noo, qhov ntom ntawm kev tso thiab muab lub silo. Cov zaub mov zoo tuaj yeem paub los ntawm xim - nws yuav los ntawm daj-ntsuab mus rau xim av tsaus, thiab tsis hnov ntxhiab tsw qab - sauerkraut, pickled apples, ci qhob cij (nyob ntawm seb muaj pes tsawg leeg). Yog hais tias tus silo muaj txawv tsw, piv txwv li, chiv los sis ammonia, nws siv tsis tsim nyog.
